It can be inferred that the following when used as a substitute to Ritalin will have no side effects

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Kyle Carroll of Albany, New York was diagnosed with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) when he was in the first grade. His teacher told his parents, Michael and Jill, that Kyle was too hyper and couldn't concentrate for long periods of time. Without even going to see a professional about Kyle's problem, Kyle was put on Ritalin. Immediately, his parents started to notice side effects on Kyle and when they tried to take their child off of the medication, the teacher threatened to call social services and lodge a complaint about child abuse.

Many families across America are faced with the problem of ADHD. In fact, approximately 4-million school aged children suffer from ADHD. Many cases are misdiagnosed and over one million children, who don't need Ritalin, take it.

In 1939, Dr. C. Bradley first prescribed Methylphenidate, or Ritalin, as a stimulant to treat children with ADHD. ADHD is a brain disorder characterized by a short attention span, jumpiness, and impulsive behavior. To be diagnosed, the victim of the disease usually has gone to see an average of eleven doctors (Rowland).

Ritalin is a risky drug. Taking this drug means having to take a dosage every four hours. Like any other medication, large doses can lead to addiction. At the end of the day, when the medication starts to wear off, mood swings occur and the sufferer becomes irritable. Side effects, which include insomnia, loss of appetite, stunted height, and irritability are brutal to the victim (Mann). Ritalin, if taken improperly, can increase a person's heartbeat and blood pressure. This can cause cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) and premature death. If ADHD doesn't get treated correctly, or within the first couple of years, there are some serious long term consequences (Ciampa).

Ritalin is also hitting the streets of college campuses under the names of Vitamin R and R-Ball. College students are using this drug to improve concentration, so they can study longer, boost their alertness during major tests, and to help stay up all night. Selling and buying this drug is illegal, but anyone can find it on almost all of the campuses. College kids aren't the only ones who find this a booster. New studies find that a growing population of younger teenagers and middle age adults are taking the pill, like candy, to keep up with today's fast paced world (Ciampa).

So what happened to Kyle and his family? His parents are trying to get Kyle off of the drug, and are thinking about suing the school district for misdiagnosing their child. They say that instead of working with Kyle, they took the easy way out and let the drug work with Kyle (Karlin). Kyle, among other kids, is being unfairly punished for being a little kid with a curious mind.

Why is the Brave new world 'superficially' a perfect world?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Aldous Huxley's Brave New World presents a portrait of a society which is superficially a perfect world. At first inspection, it seems perfect in many ways: it is carefree, problem free and depression free. All aspects of the population are controlled: number, social class, and intellectual ability are all carefully regulated. Even history is controlled and rewritten to meet the needs of the party. Stability must be maintained at all costs.

In the new world which Huxley creates, if there is even a hint of anger, the wonder drug Soma is prescribed to remedy the problem. A colleague, noticing your depression, would chime in with the chant, one cubic centimeter of soma cures ten gloomy. This slogan is taught to everyone, from the youngest to the oldest. Unhappiness, intellectual curiosity, disagreement, and suffering - none of these feelings is allowed in the world which Huxley creates. At the first sign of unhappiness, Soma is prescribed.

Emotions of all types are strictly controlled to provide stability and predictability within the population. Another of the panaceas for social ills is the belief that everyone would enjoy his or her work because he or she was made or trained for it when young. Consequently, from birth, everyone in Brave New World is slotted to belong to specific social and intellectual strata. In conjunction with this idea, all births are completely planned and monitored.

There are different classes of people with different intelligence and different career plans. The social order was divided into the most highly educated, the Alpha+, and then in descending intelligence, the following divisions: Alpha, Beta, Beta -, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon, which is the last group comprising of those citizens of the lowest intelligence who are necessary to perform society's most menial jobs.

Another of the problems with the society which Huxley depicts is that the people do not have individuality. They are all conditioned by subliminal messages and artificial stimuli to respond the same way. Although all people are meant to respond identically without thinking, a few are made 'imperfectly' and, as a result, do have personalities. These people violate the principles of technology and artificial personalities and consequently have to be sent away so as not to contaminate others.

To maintain order in Brave New World, the Resident Controller must have complete authority over more than just the present; he must also have influence over the past. In order to be able to achieve this, he must be able to rewrite history. This gives rise to one of the most famous quotations from Brave New World, All history is bunk. The ability to rewrite or edit history is not so far distant from our current technological society. A simple stroke of the computer keyboard can make a global change in information disseminated on a network or to thousands of electronic bulletin board subscribers. Being able to distinguish the true from the false is becoming increasingly difficult.

Brave New World focuses constantly on the question of whether technology requires a sacrifice of human individuality. In this novel the reader is keenly aware of the dangers that homogeneity poses to the quality of life. People may enjoy life with technological advances, but if they are required to forfeit individual personalities or interpretations about life, Huxley makes us see that life will become meaningless.

In comparison to 1984, Brave New World makes the technology less obvious to the members of the society themselves. The characters in Brave New World participate willingly in their manipulation by the government. They happily take Soma, the wonder drug. In contrast, in 1984 the people seem to sense they are being controlled by Big Brother, but here the domination is imposed on them by the government.

The tone of the passage is

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Kyle Carroll of Albany, New York was diagnosed with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) when he was in the first grade. His teacher told his parents, Michael and Jill, that Kyle was too hyper and couldn't concentrate for long periods of time. Without even going to see a professional about Kyle's problem, Kyle was put on Ritalin. Immediately, his parents started to notice side effects on Kyle and when they tried to take their child off of the medication, the teacher threatened to call social services and lodge a complaint about child abuse.

Many families across America are faced with the problem of ADHD. In fact, approximately 4-million school aged children suffer from ADHD. Many cases are misdiagnosed and over one million children, who don't need Ritalin, take it.

In 1939, Dr. C. Bradley first prescribed Methylphenidate, or Ritalin, as a stimulant to treat children with ADHD. ADHD is a brain disorder characterized by a short attention span, jumpiness, and impulsive behavior. To be diagnosed, the victim of the disease usually has gone to see an average of eleven doctors (Rowland).

Ritalin is a risky drug. Taking this drug means having to take a dosage every four hours. Like any other medication, large doses can lead to addiction. At the end of the day, when the medication starts to wear off, mood swings occur and the sufferer becomes irritable. Side effects, which include insomnia, loss of appetite, stunted height, and irritability are brutal to the victim (Mann). Ritalin, if taken improperly, can increase a person's heartbeat and blood pressure. This can cause cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) and premature death. If ADHD doesn't get treated correctly, or within the first couple of years, there are some serious long term consequences (Ciampa).

Ritalin is also hitting the streets of college campuses under the names of Vitamin R and R-Ball. College students are using this drug to improve concentration, so they can study longer, boost their alertness during major tests, and to help stay up all night. Selling and buying this drug is illegal, but anyone can find it on almost all of the campuses. College kids aren't the only ones who find this a booster. New studies find that a growing population of younger teenagers and middle age adults are taking the pill, like candy, to keep up with today's fast paced world (Ciampa).

So what happened to Kyle and his family? His parents are trying to get Kyle off of the drug, and are thinking about suing the school district for misdiagnosing their child. They say that instead of working with Kyle, they took the easy way out and let the drug work with Kyle (Karlin). Kyle, among other kids, is being unfairly punished for being a little kid with a curious mind.

The main purpose of the passage is

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Aldous Huxley's Brave New World presents a portrait of a society which is superficially a perfect world. At first inspection, it seems perfect in many ways: it is carefree, problem free and depression free. All aspects of the population are controlled: number, social class, and intellectual ability are all carefully regulated. Even history is controlled and rewritten to meet the needs of the party. Stability must be maintained at all costs.

In the new world which Huxley creates, if there is even a hint of anger, the wonder drug Soma is prescribed to remedy the problem. A colleague, noticing your depression, would chime in with the chant, one cubic centimeter of soma cures ten gloomy. This slogan is taught to everyone, from the youngest to the oldest. Unhappiness, intellectual curiosity, disagreement, and suffering - none of these feelings is allowed in the world which Huxley creates. At the first sign of unhappiness, Soma is prescribed.

Emotions of all types are strictly controlled to provide stability and predictability within the population. Another of the panaceas for social ills is the belief that everyone would enjoy his or her work because he or she was made or trained for it when young. Consequently, from birth, everyone in Brave New World is slotted to belong to specific social and intellectual strata. In conjunction with this idea, all births are completely planned and monitored.

There are different classes of people with different intelligence and different career plans. The social order was divided into the most highly educated, the Alpha+, and then in descending intelligence, the following divisions: Alpha, Beta, Beta -, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon, which is the last group comprising of those citizens of the lowest intelligence who are necessary to perform society's most menial jobs.

Another of the problems with the society which Huxley depicts is that the people do not have individuality. They are all conditioned by subliminal messages and artificial stimuli to respond the same way. Although all people are meant to respond identically without thinking, a few are made 'imperfectly' and, as a result, do have personalities. These people violate the principles of technology and artificial personalities and consequently have to be sent away so as not to contaminate others.

To maintain order in Brave New World, the Resident Controller must have complete authority over more than just the present; he must also have influence over the past. In order to be able to achieve this, he must be able to rewrite history. This gives rise to one of the most famous quotations from Brave New World, All history is bunk. The ability to rewrite or edit history is not so far distant from our current technological society. A simple stroke of the computer keyboard can make a global change in information disseminated on a network or to thousands of electronic bulletin board subscribers. Being able to distinguish the true from the false is becoming increasingly difficult.

Brave New World focuses constantly on the question of whether technology requires a sacrifice of human individuality. In this novel the reader is keenly aware of the dangers that homogeneity poses to the quality of life. People may enjoy life with technological advances, but if they are required to forfeit individual personalities or interpretations about life, Huxley makes us see that life will become meaningless.

In comparison to 1984, Brave New World makes the technology less obvious to the members of the society themselves. The characters in Brave New World participate willingly in their manipulation by the government. They happily take Soma, the wonder drug. In contrast, in 1984 the people seem to sense they are being controlled by Big Brother, but here the domination is imposed on them by the government.

The organisation of the passage is

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Kyle Carroll of Albany, New York was diagnosed with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) when he was in the first grade. His teacher told his parents, Michael and Jill, that Kyle was too hyper and couldn't concentrate for long periods of time. Without even going to see a professional about Kyle's problem, Kyle was put on Ritalin. Immediately, his parents started to notice side effects on Kyle and when they tried to take their child off of the medication, the teacher threatened to call social services and lodge a complaint about child abuse.

Many families across America are faced with the problem of ADHD. In fact, approximately 4-million school aged children suffer from ADHD. Many cases are misdiagnosed and over one million children, who don't need Ritalin, take it.

In 1939, Dr. C. Bradley first prescribed Methylphenidate, or Ritalin, as a stimulant to treat children with ADHD. ADHD is a brain disorder characterized by a short attention span, jumpiness, and impulsive behavior. To be diagnosed, the victim of the disease usually has gone to see an average of eleven doctors (Rowland).

Ritalin is a risky drug. Taking this drug means having to take a dosage every four hours. Like any other medication, large doses can lead to addiction. At the end of the day, when the medication starts to wear off, mood swings occur and the sufferer becomes irritable. Side effects, which include insomnia, loss of appetite, stunted height, and irritability are brutal to the victim (Mann). Ritalin, if taken improperly, can increase a person's heartbeat and blood pressure. This can cause cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) and premature death. If ADHD doesn't get treated correctly, or within the first couple of years, there are some serious long term consequences (Ciampa).

Ritalin is also hitting the streets of college campuses under the names of Vitamin R and R-Ball. College students are using this drug to improve concentration, so they can study longer, boost their alertness during major tests, and to help stay up all night. Selling and buying this drug is illegal, but anyone can find it on almost all of the campuses. College kids aren't the only ones who find this a booster. New studies find that a growing population of younger teenagers and middle age adults are taking the pill, like candy, to keep up with today's fast paced world (Ciampa).

So what happened to Kyle and his family? His parents are trying to get Kyle off of the drug, and are thinking about suing the school district for misdiagnosing their child. They say that instead of working with Kyle, they took the easy way out and let the drug work with Kyle (Karlin). Kyle, among other kids, is being unfairly punished for being a little kid with a curious mind.

According to the passage, ADHD can bring on the following:

I. Extreme solicitude, which when misplaced, can backfire. II. A sense of gripe especially in the caregiver. III. Seamed diagnosis can have exigent repercussions.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Kyle Carroll of Albany, New York was diagnosed with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) when he was in the first grade. His teacher told his parents, Michael and Jill, that Kyle was too hyper and couldn't concentrate for long periods of time. Without even going to see a professional about Kyle's problem, Kyle was put on Ritalin. Immediately, his parents started to notice side effects on Kyle and when they tried to take their child off of the medication, the teacher threatened to call social services and lodge a complaint about child abuse.

Many families across America are faced with the problem of ADHD. In fact, approximately 4-million school aged children suffer from ADHD. Many cases are misdiagnosed and over one million children, who don't need Ritalin, take it.

In 1939, Dr. C. Bradley first prescribed Methylphenidate, or Ritalin, as a stimulant to treat children with ADHD. ADHD is a brain disorder characterized by a short attention span, jumpiness, and impulsive behavior. To be diagnosed, the victim of the disease usually has gone to see an average of eleven doctors (Rowland).

Ritalin is a risky drug. Taking this drug means having to take a dosage every four hours. Like any other medication, large doses can lead to addiction. At the end of the day, when the medication starts to wear off, mood swings occur and the sufferer becomes irritable. Side effects, which include insomnia, loss of appetite, stunted height, and irritability are brutal to the victim (Mann). Ritalin, if taken improperly, can increase a person's heartbeat and blood pressure. This can cause cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) and premature death. If ADHD doesn't get treated correctly, or within the first couple of years, there are some serious long term consequences (Ciampa).

Ritalin is also hitting the streets of college campuses under the names of Vitamin R and R-Ball. College students are using this drug to improve concentration, so they can study longer, boost their alertness during major tests, and to help stay up all night. Selling and buying this drug is illegal, but anyone can find it on almost all of the campuses. College kids aren't the only ones who find this a booster. New studies find that a growing population of younger teenagers and middle age adults are taking the pill, like candy, to keep up with today's fast paced world (Ciampa).

So what happened to Kyle and his family? His parents are trying to get Kyle off of the drug, and are thinking about suing the school district for misdiagnosing their child. They say that instead of working with Kyle, they took the easy way out and let the drug work with Kyle (Karlin). Kyle, among other kids, is being unfairly punished for being a little kid with a curious mind.

The frequent use of drugs like Soma in the Brave New World signifies the following except

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Aldous Huxley's Brave New World presents a portrait of a society which is superficially a perfect world. At first inspection, it seems perfect in many ways: it is carefree, problem free and depression free. All aspects of the population are controlled: number, social class, and intellectual ability are all carefully regulated. Even history is controlled and rewritten to meet the needs of the party. Stability must be maintained at all costs.

In the new world which Huxley creates, if there is even a hint of anger, the wonder drug Soma is prescribed to remedy the problem. A colleague, noticing your depression, would chime in with the chant, one cubic centimeter of soma cures ten gloomy. This slogan is taught to everyone, from the youngest to the oldest. Unhappiness, intellectual curiosity, disagreement, and suffering - none of these feelings is allowed in the world which Huxley creates. At the first sign of unhappiness, Soma is prescribed.

Emotions of all types are strictly controlled to provide stability and predictability within the population. Another of the panaceas for social ills is the belief that everyone would enjoy his or her work because he or she was made or trained for it when young. Consequently, from birth, everyone in Brave New World is slotted to belong to specific social and intellectual strata. In conjunction with this idea, all births are completely planned and monitored.

There are different classes of people with different intelligence and different career plans. The social order was divided into the most highly educated, the Alpha+, and then in descending intelligence, the following divisions: Alpha, Beta, Beta -, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon, which is the last group comprising of those citizens of the lowest intelligence who are necessary to perform society's most menial jobs.

Another of the problems with the society which Huxley depicts is that the people do not have individuality. They are all conditioned by subliminal messages and artificial stimuli to respond the same way. Although all people are meant to respond identically without thinking, a few are made 'imperfectly' and, as a result, do have personalities. These people violate the principles of technology and artificial personalities and consequently have to be sent away so as not to contaminate others.

To maintain order in Brave New World, the Resident Controller must have complete authority over more than just the present; he must also have influence over the past. In order to be able to achieve this, he must be able to rewrite history. This gives rise to one of the most famous quotations from Brave New World, All history is bunk. The ability to rewrite or edit history is not so far distant from our current technological society. A simple stroke of the computer keyboard can make a global change in information disseminated on a network or to thousands of electronic bulletin board subscribers. Being able to distinguish the true from the false is becoming increasingly difficult.

Brave New World focuses constantly on the question of whether technology requires a sacrifice of human individuality. In this novel the reader is keenly aware of the dangers that homogeneity poses to the quality of life. People may enjoy life with technological advances, but if they are required to forfeit individual personalities or interpretations about life, Huxley makes us see that life will become meaningless.

In comparison to 1984, Brave New World makes the technology less obvious to the members of the society themselves. The characters in Brave New World participate willingly in their manipulation by the government. They happily take Soma, the wonder drug. In contrast, in 1984 the people seem to sense they are being controlled by Big Brother, but here the domination is imposed on them by the government.

The following are the symptoms of ADHD except

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Kyle Carroll of Albany, New York was diagnosed with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) when he was in the first grade. His teacher told his parents, Michael and Jill, that Kyle was too hyper and couldn't concentrate for long periods of time. Without even going to see a professional about Kyle's problem, Kyle was put on Ritalin. Immediately, his parents started to notice side effects on Kyle and when they tried to take their child off of the medication, the teacher threatened to call social services and lodge a complaint about child abuse.

Many families across America are faced with the problem of ADHD. In fact, approximately 4-million school aged children suffer from ADHD. Many cases are misdiagnosed and over one million children, who don't need Ritalin, take it.

In 1939, Dr. C. Bradley first prescribed Methylphenidate, or Ritalin, as a stimulant to treat children with ADHD. ADHD is a brain disorder characterized by a short attention span, jumpiness, and impulsive behavior. To be diagnosed, the victim of the disease usually has gone to see an average of eleven doctors (Rowland).

Ritalin is a risky drug. Taking this drug means having to take a dosage every four hours. Like any other medication, large doses can lead to addiction. At the end of the day, when the medication starts to wear off, mood swings occur and the sufferer becomes irritable. Side effects, which include insomnia, loss of appetite, stunted height, and irritability are brutal to the victim (Mann). Ritalin, if taken improperly, can increase a person's heartbeat and blood pressure. This can cause cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) and premature death. If ADHD doesn't get treated correctly, or within the first couple of years, there are some serious long term consequences (Ciampa).

Ritalin is also hitting the streets of college campuses under the names of Vitamin R and R-Ball. College students are using this drug to improve concentration, so they can study longer, boost their alertness during major tests, and to help stay up all night. Selling and buying this drug is illegal, but anyone can find it on almost all of the campuses. College kids aren't the only ones who find this a booster. New studies find that a growing population of younger teenagers and middle age adults are taking the pill, like candy, to keep up with today's fast paced world (Ciampa).

So what happened to Kyle and his family? His parents are trying to get Kyle off of the drug, and are thinking about suing the school district for misdiagnosing their child. They say that instead of working with Kyle, they took the easy way out and let the drug work with Kyle (Karlin). Kyle, among other kids, is being unfairly punished for being a little kid with a curious mind.

The phrase - “All history is bunk.” denotes the following

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Aldous Huxley's Brave New World presents a portrait of a society which is superficially a perfect world. At first inspection, it seems perfect in many ways: it is carefree, problem free and depression free. All aspects of the population are controlled: number, social class, and intellectual ability are all carefully regulated. Even history is controlled and rewritten to meet the needs of the party. Stability must be maintained at all costs.

In the new world which Huxley creates, if there is even a hint of anger, the wonder drug Soma is prescribed to remedy the problem. A colleague, noticing your depression, would chime in with the chant, one cubic centimeter of soma cures ten gloomy. This slogan is taught to everyone, from the youngest to the oldest. Unhappiness, intellectual curiosity, disagreement, and suffering - none of these feelings is allowed in the world which Huxley creates. At the first sign of unhappiness, Soma is prescribed.

Emotions of all types are strictly controlled to provide stability and predictability within the population. Another of the panaceas for social ills is the belief that everyone would enjoy his or her work because he or she was made or trained for it when young. Consequently, from birth, everyone in Brave New World is slotted to belong to specific social and intellectual strata. In conjunction with this idea, all births are completely planned and monitored.

There are different classes of people with different intelligence and different career plans. The social order was divided into the most highly educated, the Alpha+, and then in descending intelligence, the following divisions: Alpha, Beta, Beta -, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon, which is the last group comprising of those citizens of the lowest intelligence who are necessary to perform society's most menial jobs.

Another of the problems with the society which Huxley depicts is that the people do not have individuality. They are all conditioned by subliminal messages and artificial stimuli to respond the same way. Although all people are meant to respond identically without thinking, a few are made 'imperfectly' and, as a result, do have personalities. These people violate the principles of technology and artificial personalities and consequently have to be sent away so as not to contaminate others.

To maintain order in Brave New World, the Resident Controller must have complete authority over more than just the present; he must also have influence over the past. In order to be able to achieve this, he must be able to rewrite history. This gives rise to one of the most famous quotations from Brave New World, All history is bunk. The ability to rewrite or edit history is not so far distant from our current technological society. A simple stroke of the computer keyboard can make a global change in information disseminated on a network or to thousands of electronic bulletin board subscribers. Being able to distinguish the true from the false is becoming increasingly difficult.

Brave New World focuses constantly on the question of whether technology requires a sacrifice of human individuality. In this novel the reader is keenly aware of the dangers that homogeneity poses to the quality of life. People may enjoy life with technological advances, but if they are required to forfeit individual personalities or interpretations about life, Huxley makes us see that life will become meaningless.

In comparison to 1984, Brave New World makes the technology less obvious to the members of the society themselves. The characters in Brave New World participate willingly in their manipulation by the government. They happily take Soma, the wonder drug. In contrast, in 1984 the people seem to sense they are being controlled by Big Brother, but here the domination is imposed on them by the government.

The tone of the passage is

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Americans originally used the term “hate crime” to describe a violent act committed against a person, property, or organization because of actual or perceived differences in race, colour, national origin, or religion. The phrase gained popularity as crimes motivated by prejudice and racism received national attention in the 1980s. According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance, violence against minorities is called “xenophobic” or “right-wing” violence in Germany, where neo-Nazi activity is scrutinized. It is called “racial violence” in nearby Great Britain and France. Hate crimes have also occurred throughout history, from the Romans’ religious persecution of Christians to the Hutus’ genocidal war against the Tutsis in Rwanda in the 1990s.

Today, the term “hate crime” is used to describe violent incidents in which the perpetrators are not only motivated by differences in race, colour, or religion, but by characteristics such as sexual orientation, gender, or disability. For example, when nearly 60 women were sexually and physically assaulted in Central Park in the summer of 1999, many Americans considered the attacks gender-based crimes. Also, the state of Oregon has laws that prohibit discrimination stemming from a myriad of characteristics, from political affiliation to marital status.

The current federal hate crime  s statute permits federal prosecution of a hate crime only if the crime was motivated by race, color, national origin, or religion. In addition, the 20offender must have attempted to hinder the victim’s participation in one of six federally protected rights, such as voting or attending a public school. The Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA) was introduced in 1998, 1999, and again in 2000 in an attempt to enhance the present statute. Under the HCPA, hate crimes in which death or bodily injury occurred or a firearm or explosive device was used would be subject to federal investigation, whether or not the victim was participating in a federally protected activity. More importantly, the HCPA would allow crimes based on sexual orientation, gender, or disability to be investigated by federal authorities. Former President Bill Clinton strongly supported the bill, claiming that it would “strengthen and expand the ability of the Justice System by removing needless jurisdiction requirements.” Despite winning the favor of 30the Senate, the 106th Congress disbanded in 2000 without passing the HCPA.

Though the HCPA has failed to pass a number of times, its supporters have not been discouraged. In 2000, over 100 civil rights, human rights, women’s rights, religious, and law enforcement groups launched a web-based campaign promoting the passage of the HCPA called “United against Hate.” Oregon Senator Gordon Smith states, “It has been more than 26 years since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, yet countless Americans still encounter discrimination.” He planned to introduce the bill to the 107th Congress in 2001.

The most controversial feature of the HCPA (The Hate Crimes Prevention Act) is that it attempts to “bring uniformity to the categories covered under current federal hate crimes 40law” by adding offenses motivated by sexual orientation, gender, and disability to the existing statute, which already prohibits crime based on race, color, national origin, and religion. Its supporters contend that crimes motivated by sexual orientation, gender, or disability deserve federal jurisdiction because they are fundamentally similar to other hate crimes. In the words of Mark Bargerter, “It makes no sense that the FBI can investigate, for example, a religious-based crime, but not a hate crime committed because someone is, or seems to be, gay.” Bargerter, a heterosexual man, was brutally beaten and partially blinded by an assailant who presumed he was a homosexual. Advocates of the HCPA also assert that gender should be added to hate crime legislation because victims have been targeted simply because they were women. For example, in 1989, at the 50University of Montreal, a man wielding a firearm verbally debased feminists and opened fire on female students, killing fourteen of them. Because they are intended to send threatening messages to certain groups, proponents maintain that hate crimes must be swiftly and harshly punished. According to Brian Levin, director of the Center on Hate and Extremism, such crimes “often inspire copycat crimes and a cycle of retaliatory violence by would-be vigilantes.”

Critics of hate crimes laws maintain that the criminal justice system deals with hate crimes fairly enough and that the HCPA is not needed. Criminal law professor William J. Stuntz says he does “not see significant social benefits of it. It fills no gap in the criminal law.” Other opponents claim that including sexual orientation, women, and disability in 60hate crimes law would create a special class of victims. Some argue that homosexuals, who strongly support the HCPA, seek minority status although they are not, like African Americans, historical victims of oppression. Law professor Lawrence Alexander agrees: “Violence against gays and the disabled, for example, is not a badge or incident of slavery.” Detractors also believe that the passing of the HCPA will balkanize the nation by giving select groups special treatment with protective federal laws. “Americans are not equal under the law,” argues columnist Heather Brick, “if crimes against a particular ‘victim’ group are punished more harshly than identical crimes against someone who is not a member of a government-protected group.”

The following can be the features of hate crime

I. The people indulging in hate crime don't follow any predesignated pattern. II. Jingoism might be one of the reasons for the hate crimes. III. One of the distinguishing features of a hate crime can be that it is based on coherent thought and reasoning.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Americans originally used the term “hate crime” to describe a violent act committed against a person, property, or organization because of actual or perceived differences in race, colour, national origin, or religion. The phrase gained popularity as crimes motivated by prejudice and racism received national attention in the 1980s. According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance, violence against minorities is called “xenophobic” or “right-wing” violence in Germany, where neo-Nazi activity is scrutinized. It is called “racial violence” in nearby Great Britain and France. Hate crimes have also occurred throughout history, from the Romans’ religious persecution of Christians to the Hutus’ genocidal war against the Tutsis in Rwanda in the 1990s.

Today, the term “hate crime” is used to describe violent incidents in which the perpetrators are not only motivated by differences in race, colour, or religion, but by characteristics such as sexual orientation, gender, or disability. For example, when nearly 60 women were sexually and physically assaulted in Central Park in the summer of 1999, many Americans considered the attacks gender-based crimes. Also, the state of Oregon has laws that prohibit discrimination stemming from a myriad of characteristics, from political affiliation to marital status.

The current federal hate crime  s statute permits federal prosecution of a hate crime only if the crime was motivated by race, color, national origin, or religion. In addition, the 20offender must have attempted to hinder the victim’s participation in one of six federally protected rights, such as voting or attending a public school. The Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA) was introduced in 1998, 1999, and again in 2000 in an attempt to enhance the present statute. Under the HCPA, hate crimes in which death or bodily injury occurred or a firearm or explosive device was used would be subject to federal investigation, whether or not the victim was participating in a federally protected activity. More importantly, the HCPA would allow crimes based on sexual orientation, gender, or disability to be investigated by federal authorities. Former President Bill Clinton strongly supported the bill, claiming that it would “strengthen and expand the ability of the Justice System by removing needless jurisdiction requirements.” Despite winning the favor of 30the Senate, the 106th Congress disbanded in 2000 without passing the HCPA.

Though the HCPA has failed to pass a number of times, its supporters have not been discouraged. In 2000, over 100 civil rights, human rights, women’s rights, religious, and law enforcement groups launched a web-based campaign promoting the passage of the HCPA called “United against Hate.” Oregon Senator Gordon Smith states, “It has been more than 26 years since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, yet countless Americans still encounter discrimination.” He planned to introduce the bill to the 107th Congress in 2001.

The most controversial feature of the HCPA (The Hate Crimes Prevention Act) is that it attempts to “bring uniformity to the categories covered under current federal hate crimes 40law” by adding offenses motivated by sexual orientation, gender, and disability to the existing statute, which already prohibits crime based on race, color, national origin, and religion. Its supporters contend that crimes motivated by sexual orientation, gender, or disability deserve federal jurisdiction because they are fundamentally similar to other hate crimes. In the words of Mark Bargerter, “It makes no sense that the FBI can investigate, for example, a religious-based crime, but not a hate crime committed because someone is, or seems to be, gay.” Bargerter, a heterosexual man, was brutally beaten and partially blinded by an assailant who presumed he was a homosexual. Advocates of the HCPA also assert that gender should be added to hate crime legislation because victims have been targeted simply because they were women. For example, in 1989, at the 50University of Montreal, a man wielding a firearm verbally debased feminists and opened fire on female students, killing fourteen of them. Because they are intended to send threatening messages to certain groups, proponents maintain that hate crimes must be swiftly and harshly punished. According to Brian Levin, director of the Center on Hate and Extremism, such crimes “often inspire copycat crimes and a cycle of retaliatory violence by would-be vigilantes.”

Critics of hate crimes laws maintain that the criminal justice system deals with hate crimes fairly enough and that the HCPA is not needed. Criminal law professor William J. Stuntz says he does “not see significant social benefits of it. It fills no gap in the criminal law.” Other opponents claim that including sexual orientation, women, and disability in 60hate crimes law would create a special class of victims. Some argue that homosexuals, who strongly support the HCPA, seek minority status although they are not, like African Americans, historical victims of oppression. Law professor Lawrence Alexander agrees: “Violence against gays and the disabled, for example, is not a badge or incident of slavery.” Detractors also believe that the passing of the HCPA will balkanize the nation by giving select groups special treatment with protective federal laws. “Americans are not equal under the law,” argues columnist Heather Brick, “if crimes against a particular ‘victim’ group are punished more harshly than identical crimes against someone who is not a member of a government-protected group.”

The tone of the passage is

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Aldous Huxley's Brave New World presents a portrait of a society which is superficially a perfect world. At first inspection, it seems perfect in many ways: it is carefree, problem free and depression free. All aspects of the population are controlled: number, social class, and intellectual ability are all carefully regulated. Even history is controlled and rewritten to meet the needs of the party. Stability must be maintained at all costs.

In the new world which Huxley creates, if there is even a hint of anger, the wonder drug Soma is prescribed to remedy the problem. A colleague, noticing your depression, would chime in with the chant, one cubic centimeter of soma cures ten gloomy. This slogan is taught to everyone, from the youngest to the oldest. Unhappiness, intellectual curiosity, disagreement, and suffering - none of these feelings is allowed in the world which Huxley creates. At the first sign of unhappiness, Soma is prescribed.

Emotions of all types are strictly controlled to provide stability and predictability within the population. Another of the panaceas for social ills is the belief that everyone would enjoy his or her work because he or she was made or trained for it when young. Consequently, from birth, everyone in Brave New World is slotted to belong to specific social and intellectual strata. In conjunction with this idea, all births are completely planned and monitored.

There are different classes of people with different intelligence and different career plans. The social order was divided into the most highly educated, the Alpha+, and then in descending intelligence, the following divisions: Alpha, Beta, Beta -, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon, which is the last group comprising of those citizens of the lowest intelligence who are necessary to perform society's most menial jobs.

Another of the problems with the society which Huxley depicts is that the people do not have individuality. They are all conditioned by subliminal messages and artificial stimuli to respond the same way. Although all people are meant to respond identically without thinking, a few are made 'imperfectly' and, as a result, do have personalities. These people violate the principles of technology and artificial personalities and consequently have to be sent away so as not to contaminate others.

To maintain order in Brave New World, the Resident Controller must have complete authority over more than just the present; he must also have influence over the past. In order to be able to achieve this, he must be able to rewrite history. This gives rise to one of the most famous quotations from Brave New World, All history is bunk. The ability to rewrite or edit history is not so far distant from our current technological society. A simple stroke of the computer keyboard can make a global change in information disseminated on a network or to thousands of electronic bulletin board subscribers. Being able to distinguish the true from the false is becoming increasingly difficult.

Brave New World focuses constantly on the question of whether technology requires a sacrifice of human individuality. In this novel the reader is keenly aware of the dangers that homogeneity poses to the quality of life. People may enjoy life with technological advances, but if they are required to forfeit individual personalities or interpretations about life, Huxley makes us see that life will become meaningless.

In comparison to 1984, Brave New World makes the technology less obvious to the members of the society themselves. The characters in Brave New World participate willingly in their manipulation by the government. They happily take Soma, the wonder drug. In contrast, in 1984 the people seem to sense they are being controlled by Big Brother, but here the domination is imposed on them by the government.

Criminal acts against the following people can be called hate crime except

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Americans originally used the term “hate crime” to describe a violent act committed against a person, property, or organization because of actual or perceived differences in race, colour, national origin, or religion. The phrase gained popularity as crimes motivated by prejudice and racism received national attention in the 1980s. According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance, violence against minorities is called “xenophobic” or “right-wing” violence in Germany, where neo-Nazi activity is scrutinized. It is called “racial violence” in nearby Great Britain and France. Hate crimes have also occurred throughout history, from the Romans’ religious persecution of Christians to the Hutus’ genocidal war against the Tutsis in Rwanda in the 1990s.

Today, the term “hate crime” is used to describe violent incidents in which the perpetrators are not only motivated by differences in race, colour, or religion, but by characteristics such as sexual orientation, gender, or disability. For example, when nearly 60 women were sexually and physically assaulted in Central Park in the summer of 1999, many Americans considered the attacks gender-based crimes. Also, the state of Oregon has laws that prohibit discrimination stemming from a myriad of characteristics, from political affiliation to marital status.

The current federal hate crime  s statute permits federal prosecution of a hate crime only if the crime was motivated by race, color, national origin, or religion. In addition, the 20offender must have attempted to hinder the victim’s participation in one of six federally protected rights, such as voting or attending a public school. The Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA) was introduced in 1998, 1999, and again in 2000 in an attempt to enhance the present statute. Under the HCPA, hate crimes in which death or bodily injury occurred or a firearm or explosive device was used would be subject to federal investigation, whether or not the victim was participating in a federally protected activity. More importantly, the HCPA would allow crimes based on sexual orientation, gender, or disability to be investigated by federal authorities. Former President Bill Clinton strongly supported the bill, claiming that it would “strengthen and expand the ability of the Justice System by removing needless jurisdiction requirements.” Despite winning the favor of 30the Senate, the 106th Congress disbanded in 2000 without passing the HCPA.

Though the HCPA has failed to pass a number of times, its supporters have not been discouraged. In 2000, over 100 civil rights, human rights, women’s rights, religious, and law enforcement groups launched a web-based campaign promoting the passage of the HCPA called “United against Hate.” Oregon Senator Gordon Smith states, “It has been more than 26 years since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, yet countless Americans still encounter discrimination.” He planned to introduce the bill to the 107th Congress in 2001.

The most controversial feature of the HCPA (The Hate Crimes Prevention Act) is that it attempts to “bring uniformity to the categories covered under current federal hate crimes 40law” by adding offenses motivated by sexual orientation, gender, and disability to the existing statute, which already prohibits crime based on race, color, national origin, and religion. Its supporters contend that crimes motivated by sexual orientation, gender, or disability deserve federal jurisdiction because they are fundamentally similar to other hate crimes. In the words of Mark Bargerter, “It makes no sense that the FBI can investigate, for example, a religious-based crime, but not a hate crime committed because someone is, or seems to be, gay.” Bargerter, a heterosexual man, was brutally beaten and partially blinded by an assailant who presumed he was a homosexual. Advocates of the HCPA also assert that gender should be added to hate crime legislation because victims have been targeted simply because they were women. For example, in 1989, at the 50University of Montreal, a man wielding a firearm verbally debased feminists and opened fire on female students, killing fourteen of them. Because they are intended to send threatening messages to certain groups, proponents maintain that hate crimes must be swiftly and harshly punished. According to Brian Levin, director of the Center on Hate and Extremism, such crimes “often inspire copycat crimes and a cycle of retaliatory violence by would-be vigilantes.”

Critics of hate crimes laws maintain that the criminal justice system deals with hate crimes fairly enough and that the HCPA is not needed. Criminal law professor William J. Stuntz says he does “not see significant social benefits of it. It fills no gap in the criminal law.” Other opponents claim that including sexual orientation, women, and disability in 60hate crimes law would create a special class of victims. Some argue that homosexuals, who strongly support the HCPA, seek minority status although they are not, like African Americans, historical victims of oppression. Law professor Lawrence Alexander agrees: “Violence against gays and the disabled, for example, is not a badge or incident of slavery.” Detractors also believe that the passing of the HCPA will balkanize the nation by giving select groups special treatment with protective federal laws. “Americans are not equal under the law,” argues columnist Heather Brick, “if crimes against a particular ‘victim’ group are punished more harshly than identical crimes against someone who is not a member of a government-protected group.”

The following are the relationships between mind and body according to Descartes except

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage:

"I think therefore I am" the well-known quote of Rene Descartes, is the basis of his theory known as dualism. The intermingling of mind and body or res extensa (extended substance) and res cogitans (thinking substance) displays Descartes' ideas of a "genuine human being". Known as the father of modern philosophy, Descartes realised that one could not analyse a problem simply on the common sense level, but that one must "probe to the micro-level".

Through his technique of doubting everything, which he believed to exist and establishing a new philosophy, Descartes discovered that without a doubt, the only thing he could truly believe, to exist was his own mind. He then supposed that a demon was deceiving him by causing him to believe that which he saw. With this idea, he concluded, "all external things are merely the delusions of dreams"(Descartes' Meditations as cited in Cottingham 23) which the demon has devised. By being able to convince himself of ideas and by being able to be deceived by the demon, Descartes could assume that he existed. He also came to the conclusion that if he were to cease from thinking, he would cease to exist entirely.

"I regard the body as a machine so built and put together...that still, although it had no mind, it would not fail to move" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Jones). Descartes' idea of the body being totally independent of the mind is known as the mechanistic view. Descartes explains this concept by offering the explanation that spirits enter the brain cavities, proceed to the nerves, and change the shapes of the muscles in order for movements of the body to take place. The mechanistic view compares the body to several different mechanical objects including clocks and fountains. However, Descartes found that the human body was in every way better built than any mechanism a human could devise (Shapin 158).

"There is a vast difference between the mind and the body, in that the body...is always divisible, while the mind is completely indivisible" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Strathern 67). Although Descartes claimed that the mind and body were totally separate beings, he also found that they were closely intertwined. Descartes concluded that because a body part could be removed without taking away from the mind, the body was a separate being (Cottingham 36). The interdependence of the mind and body was what Descartes considered a human being; the mind and body formed a unit. Descartes found that because you sense things occurring to the body through the mind, then if the body and mind were not intertwined, one would not have any feelings in the body. These "feelings" in the body are what Descartes called "confused thoughts" (Cottingham 40) because they could not be explained through equations or logical connections. The confirmation for the idea that the mind and body were closely connected was the fact that one can never separate from his body, and can feel and sense things only through his own body.

Descartes' philosophy "transformed European thought" (Strathern 55) by causing people to gradually reject the Aristotelian views of the mind and body. Although later philosophers including Locke, Berkeley, and Hume rejected Descartes' ideas, other philosophers such as Regis and Malebranche expanded and improved upon Descartes' philosophy to form Cartesianism.

The primary purpose of the passage is

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage:

"I think therefore I am" the well-known quote of Rene Descartes, is the basis of his theory known as dualism. The intermingling of mind and body or res extensa (extended substance) and res cogitans (thinking substance) displays Descartes' ideas of a "genuine human being". Known as the father of modern philosophy, Descartes realised that one could not analyse a problem simply on the common sense level, but that one must "probe to the micro-level".

Through his technique of doubting everything, which he believed to exist and establishing a new philosophy, Descartes discovered that without a doubt, the only thing he could truly believe, to exist was his own mind. He then supposed that a demon was deceiving him by causing him to believe that which he saw. With this idea, he concluded, "all external things are merely the delusions of dreams"(Descartes' Meditations as cited in Cottingham 23) which the demon has devised. By being able to convince himself of ideas and by being able to be deceived by the demon, Descartes could assume that he existed. He also came to the conclusion that if he were to cease from thinking, he would cease to exist entirely.

"I regard the body as a machine so built and put together...that still, although it had no mind, it would not fail to move" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Jones). Descartes' idea of the body being totally independent of the mind is known as the mechanistic view. Descartes explains this concept by offering the explanation that spirits enter the brain cavities, proceed to the nerves, and change the shapes of the muscles in order for movements of the body to take place. The mechanistic view compares the body to several different mechanical objects including clocks and fountains. However, Descartes found that the human body was in every way better built than any mechanism a human could devise (Shapin 158).

"There is a vast difference between the mind and the body, in that the body...is always divisible, while the mind is completely indivisible" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Strathern 67). Although Descartes claimed that the mind and body were totally separate beings, he also found that they were closely intertwined. Descartes concluded that because a body part could be removed without taking away from the mind, the body was a separate being (Cottingham 36). The interdependence of the mind and body was what Descartes considered a human being; the mind and body formed a unit. Descartes found that because you sense things occurring to the body through the mind, then if the body and mind were not intertwined, one would not have any feelings in the body. These "feelings" in the body are what Descartes called "confused thoughts" (Cottingham 40) because they could not be explained through equations or logical connections. The confirmation for the idea that the mind and body were closely connected was the fact that one can never separate from his body, and can feel and sense things only through his own body.

Descartes' philosophy "transformed European thought" (Strathern 55) by causing people to gradually reject the Aristotelian views of the mind and body. Although later philosophers including Locke, Berkeley, and Hume rejected Descartes' ideas, other philosophers such as Regis and Malebranche expanded and improved upon Descartes' philosophy to form Cartesianism.

The following can be the reason for the constant rejection of the HCPA

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Americans originally used the term “hate crime” to describe a violent act committed against a person, property, or organization because of actual or perceived differences in race, colour, national origin, or religion. The phrase gained popularity as crimes motivated by prejudice and racism received national attention in the 1980s. According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance, violence against minorities is called “xenophobic” or “right-wing” violence in Germany, where neo-Nazi activity is scrutinized. It is called “racial violence” in nearby Great Britain and France. Hate crimes have also occurred throughout history, from the Romans’ religious persecution of Christians to the Hutus’ genocidal war against the Tutsis in Rwanda in the 1990s.

Today, the term “hate crime” is used to describe violent incidents in which the perpetrators are not only motivated by differences in race, colour, or religion, but by characteristics such as sexual orientation, gender, or disability. For example, when nearly 60 women were sexually and physically assaulted in Central Park in the summer of 1999, many Americans considered the attacks gender-based crimes. Also, the state of Oregon has laws that prohibit discrimination stemming from a myriad of characteristics, from political affiliation to marital status.

The current federal hate crime  s statute permits federal prosecution of a hate crime only if the crime was motivated by race, color, national origin, or religion. In addition, the 20offender must have attempted to hinder the victim’s participation in one of six federally protected rights, such as voting or attending a public school. The Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA) was introduced in 1998, 1999, and again in 2000 in an attempt to enhance the present statute. Under the HCPA, hate crimes in which death or bodily injury occurred or a firearm or explosive device was used would be subject to federal investigation, whether or not the victim was participating in a federally protected activity. More importantly, the HCPA would allow crimes based on sexual orientation, gender, or disability to be investigated by federal authorities. Former President Bill Clinton strongly supported the bill, claiming that it would “strengthen and expand the ability of the Justice System by removing needless jurisdiction requirements.” Despite winning the favor of 30the Senate, the 106th Congress disbanded in 2000 without passing the HCPA.

Though the HCPA has failed to pass a number of times, its supporters have not been discouraged. In 2000, over 100 civil rights, human rights, women’s rights, religious, and law enforcement groups launched a web-based campaign promoting the passage of the HCPA called “United against Hate.” Oregon Senator Gordon Smith states, “It has been more than 26 years since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, yet countless Americans still encounter discrimination.” He planned to introduce the bill to the 107th Congress in 2001.

The most controversial feature of the HCPA (The Hate Crimes Prevention Act) is that it attempts to “bring uniformity to the categories covered under current federal hate crimes 40law” by adding offenses motivated by sexual orientation, gender, and disability to the existing statute, which already prohibits crime based on race, color, national origin, and religion. Its supporters contend that crimes motivated by sexual orientation, gender, or disability deserve federal jurisdiction because they are fundamentally similar to other hate crimes. In the words of Mark Bargerter, “It makes no sense that the FBI can investigate, for example, a religious-based crime, but not a hate crime committed because someone is, or seems to be, gay.” Bargerter, a heterosexual man, was brutally beaten and partially blinded by an assailant who presumed he was a homosexual. Advocates of the HCPA also assert that gender should be added to hate crime legislation because victims have been targeted simply because they were women. For example, in 1989, at the 50University of Montreal, a man wielding a firearm verbally debased feminists and opened fire on female students, killing fourteen of them. Because they are intended to send threatening messages to certain groups, proponents maintain that hate crimes must be swiftly and harshly punished. According to Brian Levin, director of the Center on Hate and Extremism, such crimes “often inspire copycat crimes and a cycle of retaliatory violence by would-be vigilantes.”

Critics of hate crimes laws maintain that the criminal justice system deals with hate crimes fairly enough and that the HCPA is not needed. Criminal law professor William J. Stuntz says he does “not see significant social benefits of it. It fills no gap in the criminal law.” Other opponents claim that including sexual orientation, women, and disability in 60hate crimes law would create a special class of victims. Some argue that homosexuals, who strongly support the HCPA, seek minority status although they are not, like African Americans, historical victims of oppression. Law professor Lawrence Alexander agrees: “Violence against gays and the disabled, for example, is not a badge or incident of slavery.” Detractors also believe that the passing of the HCPA will balkanize the nation by giving select groups special treatment with protective federal laws. “Americans are not equal under the law,” argues columnist Heather Brick, “if crimes against a particular ‘victim’ group are punished more harshly than identical crimes against someone who is not a member of a government-protected group.”

Which of the following statements can be directly derived from the passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage:

"I think therefore I am" the well-known quote of Rene Descartes, is the basis of his theory known as dualism. The intermingling of mind and body or res extensa (extended substance) and res cogitans (thinking substance) displays Descartes' ideas of a "genuine human being". Known as the father of modern philosophy, Descartes realised that one could not analyse a problem simply on the common sense level, but that one must "probe to the micro-level".

Through his technique of doubting everything, which he believed to exist and establishing a new philosophy, Descartes discovered that without a doubt, the only thing he could truly believe, to exist was his own mind. He then supposed that a demon was deceiving him by causing him to believe that which he saw. With this idea, he concluded, "all external things are merely the delusions of dreams"(Descartes' Meditations as cited in Cottingham 23) which the demon has devised. By being able to convince himself of ideas and by being able to be deceived by the demon, Descartes could assume that he existed. He also came to the conclusion that if he were to cease from thinking, he would cease to exist entirely.

"I regard the body as a machine so built and put together...that still, although it had no mind, it would not fail to move" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Jones). Descartes' idea of the body being totally independent of the mind is known as the mechanistic view. Descartes explains this concept by offering the explanation that spirits enter the brain cavities, proceed to the nerves, and change the shapes of the muscles in order for movements of the body to take place. The mechanistic view compares the body to several different mechanical objects including clocks and fountains. However, Descartes found that the human body was in every way better built than any mechanism a human could devise (Shapin 158).

"There is a vast difference between the mind and the body, in that the body...is always divisible, while the mind is completely indivisible" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Strathern 67). Although Descartes claimed that the mind and body were totally separate beings, he also found that they were closely intertwined. Descartes concluded that because a body part could be removed without taking away from the mind, the body was a separate being (Cottingham 36). The interdependence of the mind and body was what Descartes considered a human being; the mind and body formed a unit. Descartes found that because you sense things occurring to the body through the mind, then if the body and mind were not intertwined, one would not have any feelings in the body. These "feelings" in the body are what Descartes called "confused thoughts" (Cottingham 40) because they could not be explained through equations or logical connections. The confirmation for the idea that the mind and body were closely connected was the fact that one can never separate from his body, and can feel and sense things only through his own body.

Descartes' philosophy "transformed European thought" (Strathern 55) by causing people to gradually reject the Aristotelian views of the mind and body. Although later philosophers including Locke, Berkeley, and Hume rejected Descartes' ideas, other philosophers such as Regis and Malebranche expanded and improved upon Descartes' philosophy to form Cartesianism.

Which of the following sentences best states the central idea behind the passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage:

"I think therefore I am" the well-known quote of Rene Descartes, is the basis of his theory known as dualism. The intermingling of mind and body or res extensa (extended substance) and res cogitans (thinking substance) displays Descartes' ideas of a "genuine human being". Known as the father of modern philosophy, Descartes realised that one could not analyse a problem simply on the common sense level, but that one must "probe to the micro-level".

Through his technique of doubting everything, which he believed to exist and establishing a new philosophy, Descartes discovered that without a doubt, the only thing he could truly believe, to exist was his own mind. He then supposed that a demon was deceiving him by causing him to believe that which he saw. With this idea, he concluded, "all external things are merely the delusions of dreams"(Descartes' Meditations as cited in Cottingham 23) which the demon has devised. By being able to convince himself of ideas and by being able to be deceived by the demon, Descartes could assume that he existed. He also came to the conclusion that if he were to cease from thinking, he would cease to exist entirely.

"I regard the body as a machine so built and put together...that still, although it had no mind, it would not fail to move" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Jones). Descartes' idea of the body being totally independent of the mind is known as the mechanistic view. Descartes explains this concept by offering the explanation that spirits enter the brain cavities, proceed to the nerves, and change the shapes of the muscles in order for movements of the body to take place. The mechanistic view compares the body to several different mechanical objects including clocks and fountains. However, Descartes found that the human body was in every way better built than any mechanism a human could devise (Shapin 158).

"There is a vast difference between the mind and the body, in that the body...is always divisible, while the mind is completely indivisible" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Strathern 67). Although Descartes claimed that the mind and body were totally separate beings, he also found that they were closely intertwined. Descartes concluded that because a body part could be removed without taking away from the mind, the body was a separate being (Cottingham 36). The interdependence of the mind and body was what Descartes considered a human being; the mind and body formed a unit. Descartes found that because you sense things occurring to the body through the mind, then if the body and mind were not intertwined, one would not have any feelings in the body. These "feelings" in the body are what Descartes called "confused thoughts" (Cottingham 40) because they could not be explained through equations or logical connections. The confirmation for the idea that the mind and body were closely connected was the fact that one can never separate from his body, and can feel and sense things only through his own body.

Descartes' philosophy "transformed European thought" (Strathern 55) by causing people to gradually reject the Aristotelian views of the mind and body. Although later philosophers including Locke, Berkeley, and Hume rejected Descartes' ideas, other philosophers such as Regis and Malebranche expanded and improved upon Descartes' philosophy to form Cartesianism.

It can be inferred from the passage that

I. idosyncrasies lend a semblance of authenticity to the so called perfect world II. inquietude is thought upon as a decrepitude in the modern world III. stability and similarity in a perfect world is extended to all spheres from individuality to social standing of the individuals

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Aldous Huxley's Brave New World presents a portrait of a society which is superficially a perfect world. At first inspection, it seems perfect in many ways: it is carefree, problem free and depression free. All aspects of the population are controlled: number, social class, and intellectual ability are all carefully regulated. Even history is controlled and rewritten to meet the needs of the party. Stability must be maintained at all costs.

In the new world which Huxley creates, if there is even a hint of anger, the wonder drug Soma is prescribed to remedy the problem. A colleague, noticing your depression, would chime in with the chant, one cubic centimeter of soma cures ten gloomy. This slogan is taught to everyone, from the youngest to the oldest. Unhappiness, intellectual curiosity, disagreement, and suffering - none of these feelings is allowed in the world which Huxley creates. At the first sign of unhappiness, Soma is prescribed.

Emotions of all types are strictly controlled to provide stability and predictability within the population. Another of the panaceas for social ills is the belief that everyone would enjoy his or her work because he or she was made or trained for it when young. Consequently, from birth, everyone in Brave New World is slotted to belong to specific social and intellectual strata. In conjunction with this idea, all births are completely planned and monitored.

There are different classes of people with different intelligence and different career plans. The social order was divided into the most highly educated, the Alpha+, and then in descending intelligence, the following divisions: Alpha, Beta, Beta -, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon, which is the last group comprising of those citizens of the lowest intelligence who are necessary to perform society's most menial jobs.

Another of the problems with the society which Huxley depicts is that the people do not have individuality. They are all conditioned by subliminal messages and artificial stimuli to respond the same way. Although all people are meant to respond identically without thinking, a few are made 'imperfectly' and, as a result, do have personalities. These people violate the principles of technology and artificial personalities and consequently have to be sent away so as not to contaminate others.

To maintain order in Brave New World, the Resident Controller must have complete authority over more than just the present; he must also have influence over the past. In order to be able to achieve this, he must be able to rewrite history. This gives rise to one of the most famous quotations from Brave New World, All history is bunk. The ability to rewrite or edit history is not so far distant from our current technological society. A simple stroke of the computer keyboard can make a global change in information disseminated on a network or to thousands of electronic bulletin board subscribers. Being able to distinguish the true from the false is becoming increasingly difficult.

Brave New World focuses constantly on the question of whether technology requires a sacrifice of human individuality. In this novel the reader is keenly aware of the dangers that homogeneity poses to the quality of life. People may enjoy life with technological advances, but if they are required to forfeit individual personalities or interpretations about life, Huxley makes us see that life will become meaningless.

In comparison to 1984, Brave New World makes the technology less obvious to the members of the society themselves. The characters in Brave New World participate willingly in their manipulation by the government. They happily take Soma, the wonder drug. In contrast, in 1984 the people seem to sense they are being controlled by Big Brother, but here the domination is imposed on them by the government.

HCPA is an example of

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Americans originally used the term “hate crime” to describe a violent act committed against a person, property, or organization because of actual or perceived differences in race, colour, national origin, or religion. The phrase gained popularity as crimes motivated by prejudice and racism received national attention in the 1980s. According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance, violence against minorities is called “xenophobic” or “right-wing” violence in Germany, where neo-Nazi activity is scrutinized. It is called “racial violence” in nearby Great Britain and France. Hate crimes have also occurred throughout history, from the Romans’ religious persecution of Christians to the Hutus’ genocidal war against the Tutsis in Rwanda in the 1990s.

Today, the term “hate crime” is used to describe violent incidents in which the perpetrators are not only motivated by differences in race, colour, or religion, but by characteristics such as sexual orientation, gender, or disability. For example, when nearly 60 women were sexually and physically assaulted in Central Park in the summer of 1999, many Americans considered the attacks gender-based crimes. Also, the state of Oregon has laws that prohibit discrimination stemming from a myriad of characteristics, from political affiliation to marital status.

The current federal hate crime  s statute permits federal prosecution of a hate crime only if the crime was motivated by race, color, national origin, or religion. In addition, the 20offender must have attempted to hinder the victim’s participation in one of six federally protected rights, such as voting or attending a public school. The Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA) was introduced in 1998, 1999, and again in 2000 in an attempt to enhance the present statute. Under the HCPA, hate crimes in which death or bodily injury occurred or a firearm or explosive device was used would be subject to federal investigation, whether or not the victim was participating in a federally protected activity. More importantly, the HCPA would allow crimes based on sexual orientation, gender, or disability to be investigated by federal authorities. Former President Bill Clinton strongly supported the bill, claiming that it would “strengthen and expand the ability of the Justice System by removing needless jurisdiction requirements.” Despite winning the favor of 30the Senate, the 106th Congress disbanded in 2000 without passing the HCPA.

Though the HCPA has failed to pass a number of times, its supporters have not been discouraged. In 2000, over 100 civil rights, human rights, women’s rights, religious, and law enforcement groups launched a web-based campaign promoting the passage of the HCPA called “United against Hate.” Oregon Senator Gordon Smith states, “It has been more than 26 years since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, yet countless Americans still encounter discrimination.” He planned to introduce the bill to the 107th Congress in 2001.

The most controversial feature of the HCPA (The Hate Crimes Prevention Act) is that it attempts to “bring uniformity to the categories covered under current federal hate crimes 40law” by adding offenses motivated by sexual orientation, gender, and disability to the existing statute, which already prohibits crime based on race, color, national origin, and religion. Its supporters contend that crimes motivated by sexual orientation, gender, or disability deserve federal jurisdiction because they are fundamentally similar to other hate crimes. In the words of Mark Bargerter, “It makes no sense that the FBI can investigate, for example, a religious-based crime, but not a hate crime committed because someone is, or seems to be, gay.” Bargerter, a heterosexual man, was brutally beaten and partially blinded by an assailant who presumed he was a homosexual. Advocates of the HCPA also assert that gender should be added to hate crime legislation because victims have been targeted simply because they were women. For example, in 1989, at the 50University of Montreal, a man wielding a firearm verbally debased feminists and opened fire on female students, killing fourteen of them. Because they are intended to send threatening messages to certain groups, proponents maintain that hate crimes must be swiftly and harshly punished. According to Brian Levin, director of the Center on Hate and Extremism, such crimes “often inspire copycat crimes and a cycle of retaliatory violence by would-be vigilantes.”

Critics of hate crimes laws maintain that the criminal justice system deals with hate crimes fairly enough and that the HCPA is not needed. Criminal law professor William J. Stuntz says he does “not see significant social benefits of it. It fills no gap in the criminal law.” Other opponents claim that including sexual orientation, women, and disability in 60hate crimes law would create a special class of victims. Some argue that homosexuals, who strongly support the HCPA, seek minority status although they are not, like African Americans, historical victims of oppression. Law professor Lawrence Alexander agrees: “Violence against gays and the disabled, for example, is not a badge or incident of slavery.” Detractors also believe that the passing of the HCPA will balkanize the nation by giving select groups special treatment with protective federal laws. “Americans are not equal under the law,” argues columnist Heather Brick, “if crimes against a particular ‘victim’ group are punished more harshly than identical crimes against someone who is not a member of a government-protected group.”

The passage provides information that can answer which of the following questions?

I. Where did Descartes’ theory originate? II. What factors can be attributed for the evanescence of the Descartes’ theory? III. The passage provides information about the psyche’s supremacy over the mind.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage:

"I think therefore I am" the well-known quote of Rene Descartes, is the basis of his theory known as dualism. The intermingling of mind and body or res extensa (extended substance) and res cogitans (thinking substance) displays Descartes' ideas of a "genuine human being". Known as the father of modern philosophy, Descartes realised that one could not analyse a problem simply on the common sense level, but that one must "probe to the micro-level".

Through his technique of doubting everything, which he believed to exist and establishing a new philosophy, Descartes discovered that without a doubt, the only thing he could truly believe, to exist was his own mind. He then supposed that a demon was deceiving him by causing him to believe that which he saw. With this idea, he concluded, "all external things are merely the delusions of dreams"(Descartes' Meditations as cited in Cottingham 23) which the demon has devised. By being able to convince himself of ideas and by being able to be deceived by the demon, Descartes could assume that he existed. He also came to the conclusion that if he were to cease from thinking, he would cease to exist entirely.

"I regard the body as a machine so built and put together...that still, although it had no mind, it would not fail to move" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Jones). Descartes' idea of the body being totally independent of the mind is known as the mechanistic view. Descartes explains this concept by offering the explanation that spirits enter the brain cavities, proceed to the nerves, and change the shapes of the muscles in order for movements of the body to take place. The mechanistic view compares the body to several different mechanical objects including clocks and fountains. However, Descartes found that the human body was in every way better built than any mechanism a human could devise (Shapin 158).

"There is a vast difference between the mind and the body, in that the body...is always divisible, while the mind is completely indivisible" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Strathern 67). Although Descartes claimed that the mind and body were totally separate beings, he also found that they were closely intertwined. Descartes concluded that because a body part could be removed without taking away from the mind, the body was a separate being (Cottingham 36). The interdependence of the mind and body was what Descartes considered a human being; the mind and body formed a unit. Descartes found that because you sense things occurring to the body through the mind, then if the body and mind were not intertwined, one would not have any feelings in the body. These "feelings" in the body are what Descartes called "confused thoughts" (Cottingham 40) because they could not be explained through equations or logical connections. The confirmation for the idea that the mind and body were closely connected was the fact that one can never separate from his body, and can feel and sense things only through his own body.

Descartes' philosophy "transformed European thought" (Strathern 55) by causing people to gradually reject the Aristotelian views of the mind and body. Although later philosophers including Locke, Berkeley, and Hume rejected Descartes' ideas, other philosophers such as Regis and Malebranche expanded and improved upon Descartes' philosophy to form Cartesianism.

Which of the following statements about perception is most directly derived from the passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage:

"I think therefore I am" the well-known quote of Rene Descartes, is the basis of his theory known as dualism. The intermingling of mind and body or res extensa (extended substance) and res cogitans (thinking substance) displays Descartes' ideas of a "genuine human being". Known as the father of modern philosophy, Descartes realised that one could not analyse a problem simply on the common sense level, but that one must "probe to the micro-level".

Through his technique of doubting everything, which he believed to exist and establishing a new philosophy, Descartes discovered that without a doubt, the only thing he could truly believe, to exist was his own mind. He then supposed that a demon was deceiving him by causing him to believe that which he saw. With this idea, he concluded, "all external things are merely the delusions of dreams"(Descartes' Meditations as cited in Cottingham 23) which the demon has devised. By being able to convince himself of ideas and by being able to be deceived by the demon, Descartes could assume that he existed. He also came to the conclusion that if he were to cease from thinking, he would cease to exist entirely.

"I regard the body as a machine so built and put together...that still, although it had no mind, it would not fail to move" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Jones). Descartes' idea of the body being totally independent of the mind is known as the mechanistic view. Descartes explains this concept by offering the explanation that spirits enter the brain cavities, proceed to the nerves, and change the shapes of the muscles in order for movements of the body to take place. The mechanistic view compares the body to several different mechanical objects including clocks and fountains. However, Descartes found that the human body was in every way better built than any mechanism a human could devise (Shapin 158).

"There is a vast difference between the mind and the body, in that the body...is always divisible, while the mind is completely indivisible" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Strathern 67). Although Descartes claimed that the mind and body were totally separate beings, he also found that they were closely intertwined. Descartes concluded that because a body part could be removed without taking away from the mind, the body was a separate being (Cottingham 36). The interdependence of the mind and body was what Descartes considered a human being; the mind and body formed a unit. Descartes found that because you sense things occurring to the body through the mind, then if the body and mind were not intertwined, one would not have any feelings in the body. These "feelings" in the body are what Descartes called "confused thoughts" (Cottingham 40) because they could not be explained through equations or logical connections. The confirmation for the idea that the mind and body were closely connected was the fact that one can never separate from his body, and can feel and sense things only through his own body.

Descartes' philosophy "transformed European thought" (Strathern 55) by causing people to gradually reject the Aristotelian views of the mind and body. Although later philosophers including Locke, Berkeley, and Hume rejected Descartes' ideas, other philosophers such as Regis and Malebranche expanded and improved upon Descartes' philosophy to form Cartesianism.

Which of the following can be derived about the author’s attitude about Descartes from the passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage:

"I think therefore I am" the well-known quote of Rene Descartes, is the basis of his theory known as dualism. The intermingling of mind and body or res extensa (extended substance) and res cogitans (thinking substance) displays Descartes' ideas of a "genuine human being". Known as the father of modern philosophy, Descartes realised that one could not analyse a problem simply on the common sense level, but that one must "probe to the micro-level".

Through his technique of doubting everything, which he believed to exist and establishing a new philosophy, Descartes discovered that without a doubt, the only thing he could truly believe, to exist was his own mind. He then supposed that a demon was deceiving him by causing him to believe that which he saw. With this idea, he concluded, "all external things are merely the delusions of dreams"(Descartes' Meditations as cited in Cottingham 23) which the demon has devised. By being able to convince himself of ideas and by being able to be deceived by the demon, Descartes could assume that he existed. He also came to the conclusion that if he were to cease from thinking, he would cease to exist entirely.

"I regard the body as a machine so built and put together...that still, although it had no mind, it would not fail to move" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Jones). Descartes' idea of the body being totally independent of the mind is known as the mechanistic view. Descartes explains this concept by offering the explanation that spirits enter the brain cavities, proceed to the nerves, and change the shapes of the muscles in order for movements of the body to take place. The mechanistic view compares the body to several different mechanical objects including clocks and fountains. However, Descartes found that the human body was in every way better built than any mechanism a human could devise (Shapin 158).

"There is a vast difference between the mind and the body, in that the body...is always divisible, while the mind is completely indivisible" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Strathern 67). Although Descartes claimed that the mind and body were totally separate beings, he also found that they were closely intertwined. Descartes concluded that because a body part could be removed without taking away from the mind, the body was a separate being (Cottingham 36). The interdependence of the mind and body was what Descartes considered a human being; the mind and body formed a unit. Descartes found that because you sense things occurring to the body through the mind, then if the body and mind were not intertwined, one would not have any feelings in the body. These "feelings" in the body are what Descartes called "confused thoughts" (Cottingham 40) because they could not be explained through equations or logical connections. The confirmation for the idea that the mind and body were closely connected was the fact that one can never separate from his body, and can feel and sense things only through his own body.

Descartes' philosophy "transformed European thought" (Strathern 55) by causing people to gradually reject the Aristotelian views of the mind and body. Although later philosophers including Locke, Berkeley, and Hume rejected Descartes' ideas, other philosophers such as Regis and Malebranche expanded and improved upon Descartes' philosophy to form Cartesianism.

The author is most likely addressing which of the following audience?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage:

"I think therefore I am" the well-known quote of Rene Descartes, is the basis of his theory known as dualism. The intermingling of mind and body or res extensa (extended substance) and res cogitans (thinking substance) displays Descartes' ideas of a "genuine human being". Known as the father of modern philosophy, Descartes realised that one could not analyse a problem simply on the common sense level, but that one must "probe to the micro-level".

Through his technique of doubting everything, which he believed to exist and establishing a new philosophy, Descartes discovered that without a doubt, the only thing he could truly believe, to exist was his own mind. He then supposed that a demon was deceiving him by causing him to believe that which he saw. With this idea, he concluded, "all external things are merely the delusions of dreams"(Descartes' Meditations as cited in Cottingham 23) which the demon has devised. By being able to convince himself of ideas and by being able to be deceived by the demon, Descartes could assume that he existed. He also came to the conclusion that if he were to cease from thinking, he would cease to exist entirely.

"I regard the body as a machine so built and put together...that still, although it had no mind, it would not fail to move" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Jones). Descartes' idea of the body being totally independent of the mind is known as the mechanistic view. Descartes explains this concept by offering the explanation that spirits enter the brain cavities, proceed to the nerves, and change the shapes of the muscles in order for movements of the body to take place. The mechanistic view compares the body to several different mechanical objects including clocks and fountains. However, Descartes found that the human body was in every way better built than any mechanism a human could devise (Shapin 158).

"There is a vast difference between the mind and the body, in that the body...is always divisible, while the mind is completely indivisible" (Descartes' Meditations as cited in Strathern 67). Although Descartes claimed that the mind and body were totally separate beings, he also found that they were closely intertwined. Descartes concluded that because a body part could be removed without taking away from the mind, the body was a separate being (Cottingham 36). The interdependence of the mind and body was what Descartes considered a human being; the mind and body formed a unit. Descartes found that because you sense things occurring to the body through the mind, then if the body and mind were not intertwined, one would not have any feelings in the body. These "feelings" in the body are what Descartes called "confused thoughts" (Cottingham 40) because they could not be explained through equations or logical connections. The confirmation for the idea that the mind and body were closely connected was the fact that one can never separate from his body, and can feel and sense things only through his own body.

Descartes' philosophy "transformed European thought" (Strathern 55) by causing people to gradually reject the Aristotelian views of the mind and body. Although later philosophers including Locke, Berkeley, and Hume rejected Descartes' ideas, other philosophers such as Regis and Malebranche expanded and improved upon Descartes' philosophy to form Cartesianism.