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Human Physiology

Description: This test is based on certain tpics from human physiology , so it will help the students to revise the topics thoroughly.
Number of Questions: 15
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Tags: Nervous system Central Nervous System Pregnancy and Parturation Parturition and Lactation Related Disorders and Deformities Disorders of Muscular Skeletal System Skin Receptors Sensory Reception and Processing Common Refractive Eye Defects Human Eye: Anatomy and Mechanism of Vision
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A boy met with an accident and lost his auditory and visual responses. Which part of the brain must have been affected?

  1. Midbrain

  2. Pons

  3. Medulla

  4. Tactum

  5. Brainstem

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The tactum is located in the dorsal region of the mesencephalon. It consists of the superior colliculi (visual receptors) and inferior colliculi (auditory receptors) and thus controls auditory and visual responses of an organism.

Which of the following statements regarding the human brain is INCORRECT?

  1. Abnormalities of blood flow in the carotid arteries causes problems in the subcortical structures.

  2. Abnormalities of blood flow in the vertebral arteries cause problems in the brainstem.

  3. Formation of a local thrombus is one of the commonest causes of blood flow problems in the brain.

  4. At the base of the brain lies the circle of Willis.

  5. The carotid arteries form the posterior circulation to the brain.

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

The carotid arteries form the anterior circulation to the brain, whereas the vertebral arteries merge to become the basilar artery (so called vertebrobasilar system), which constitutes the posterior circulation.

Which one of the following factors does not put a woman at increased risk of obstetric complications?

  1. Both extremes of maternal age.

  2. One previous Caesarean section.

  3. A history of subfertility, with use of fertility drugs or assisted conception.

  4. Family history of diabetes in a second-degree relative.

  5. Overdue pregnancy.

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

To be of significant risk of developing gestational diabetes, a first-degree relative of the patient should be affected by diabetes, i.e. sibling, mother, father.

Which of the following statements relating to ‘rheumatoid factor’ is true?

  1. Rheumatoid factor is a poor prognostic factor when found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

  2. The finding of rheumatoid factor in a given patient's blood is diagnostic of rheumatoid arthritis.

  3. Rheumatoid factor is an IgE molecule.

  4. Rheumatoid factor can form immune complexes with IgE.

  5. Rheumatoid factors are always found transiently in the blood of patients who have recently suffered from an infection.

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Rheumatoid factor does indicate a poor prognosis when found in RA patients, correlating with extra-articular (non-joint) complications of RA such as nodules, lung disease and vasculitis as well as with severely affected joints.

Which among the following structures are not found in the Circle of Willis?

  1. The basilar artery

  2. The anterior cerebral artery

  3. The anterior communicating artery

  4. The internal carotid artery

  5. The posterior communicating arteries

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

It arises from the confluence of the two vertebral arteries at the junction between the medulla oblongata and the pons. The basilar artery and middle cerebral arteries, supplying the brain, are not considered a part of the circle.

RA is a disease of joint destruction; which of the following scenarios is most pertinent to the immunopathogenesis?

  1. Macrophage activation by rheumatoid factor.

  2. The triggering factor is Campylobacter jejuni.

  3. CD4 T cells produce TNF-α cytokine that activates macrophages.

  4. The acute phase response that accompanies active RA disease suggests that persistent infection is a factor.

  5. MHC association with HLA B27 is important in Europeans and RA is restricted to this group of individuals.

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

In RA, CD4 T cells produce cytokines including Tumour Necrosis Factor [TNF], which activates macrophages to produce tissue destroying enzymes and remodelling cytokines which deform the affected joints. Anti-TNF therapies provide potent therapies for many but not all patients with RA.

Which of the following is the common cause of the nephrotic syndrome in children?

  1. IgA nephropathy

  2. Henoch-Schönlein nephritis

  3. Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephriti

  4. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

  5. Minimal-change nephropathy

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

A disease almost limited to childhood, accounting for 90% of nephrotic syndrome in childhood and fortunately nearly always (> 90%) reversible.

What sensory pathway carries light touch and proprioception?

  1. Medial lemniscus

  2. Lateral lemniscus

  3. Spinothalamic trac

  4. Chorda tympani

  5. Corticospinal tract

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The medial lemniscus carries sensory information from the gracile and cuneate nuclei to the thalamus. It is part of the posterior column-medial lemniscus system, which transmits touch, vibration sense as well as the pathway for proprioception.

Which one of the following is normally an avascular structure?

  1. The iris

  2. The conjunctiva

  3. The pinna

  4. The retina

  5. The cornea

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

The cornea is the avascular, transparent covering of the anterior chamber of the eye.

After examination, the doctor confirmed to Amit that he is suffering from uveitis. Which one of the following is not associated with uveitis?  

  1. Pauci-articular arthritis in children

  2. Sarcoidosis

  3. Ankylosing spondylitis

  4. Ulcerative colitis

  5. Graves’ disease

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

Ophthalmopathy due to thyrotoxicosis does not involve the uveal tract.

Which of the following is NOT expressed by the main populations of intraepithelial lymphocytes?

  1. CD 19

  2. CD 103

  3. γδ form T-cell receptor [TCR]

  4. αβ form of the T-cell receptor [TCR]

  5. CD8

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Intraepithelial lymphocytes are T cells of various types, not B cells. CD19 is a B cell marker.

Cryoglobulins are immune complexes that precipitate at low temperatures. Which one of the following is the correct statement about cryoglobulins?    

  1. Samples for cryoglobulin detection must be stored on ice before they reach the laboratory.

  2. Type III cryoglobulins are associated with hepatitis C infection.

  3. Type I cryoglobulins are monoclonal proteins typically of IgA or IgD class.

  4. Cryoglobulins are always monoclonal immunoglobulins.

  5. Cryoglobulins precipitates from the blood serum in extremely hot and arid conditions.

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Type III cryoglobulins are formed through mixed complexes of polyclonal antibodies with antigen, usually in the form of large complexes; there is a strong association with hepatitis C.

Which of the following statements relating to infections in the skin is true?

  1. Skin granulomas are rare in Mycobacterium leprae infections.

  2. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is associated with a reactive, non-infective skin rash.

  3. The measles rash is infective.

  4. Recurrent herpes labialis is caused by reactivation of persistent herpes simplex infection often provoked by exposure to UV light.

  5. Atopic individuals have an increased tendency to varicella zoster virus (VZV).

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Reactivation of the persistent HSV infection is probably due to suppression of the skin immune system.

Which of the following is NOT a retinal cell?

  1. A midget cell

  2. A parasol cell

  3. A small-field bistratified cell

  4. The Photosensitive Cells

  5. The optic tectum

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

The optic tectum is a paired structure that forms a major component of the midbrain.

In which site are M cells found in the intestine?  

  1. Interacting with intraepithelial lymphocytes

  2. In the lamina propria

  3. In the follicles of the Peyer's patches

  4. In the dome area of Peyer's patches

  5. Within the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Peyer's patches are covered by specialized epithelium (follicle-associated epithelium). Some of these epithelial cells have surfaces, which seem folded under the scanning electron microscope. These microfold, or M cells, sample and actively transport particulate antigens from the lumen into the ‘dome’ area, where priming of both T and B lymphocytes occurs.

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