Treponema pallidum

Neiserria gonorrhoeae

Chlamydia trachomatis

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Prematurity

Autosomal dominant inheritance

Autosomal recessive inheritance

Congenital rubella

Hyperbilirubinaemia

Specific antibodies are directed against cellular targets.

Complement is involved.

Mast cells play a central role in the effector component.

Th1 cells play a central role in the effector component.

Histology is typically granulomatous.

Providing space for growth and movement

Protection against infection

Maintenance of temperature

Development of the respiratory system

Excretion of waste products

Auto-antigens are frequently methylated and this results directly in autoimmune sensitisation.

C5 plays a central role in cellular clearance.

Apoptosis can also be mediated by T cells using FAS:FAS ligand interactions.

Nuclear material is expanded beneath a blebbed membrane.

Macrophages secrete the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGFβ in response to cellular ingestion.

Type II hypersensitivity involves circulating or tissue-bound immune complexes.

Inflammation occurs within minutes.

May alter the cell metabolism through receptor dysfunction.

Are responsible for lupus nephritis.

Are largely Th1 cytokine dependent.

Raised serum IgG levels

Antibodies to double-stranded DNA

Decreased C3 and C4 levels

A positive lupus anticoagulant

Antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP antibodies)

In the bullous skin eruptions the edge of established bullae should be biopsied for direct immunofluorescent examination.

Pemphigus vulgaris is the least serious of the bullous skin disorders.

Pemphigus vulgaris is a disease of younger individuals, usually 20 - 40 years.

Pemphigus vulgaris blisters occur within the dermis.

The main antigenic target the autoantibodies in pemphigoid is the adhesion molecule, desmoglein 3.

CD8

CD 103

γδ form T-cell receptor [TCR]

αβ form of the T-cell receptor [TCR]

CD 19 

Skin granulomas are rare in Mycobacterium leprae infections.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is associated with a reactive, non-infective skin rash.

The measles rash is infective.

Recurrent herpes labialis is caused by reactivation of persistent herpes simplex infection often provoked by exposure to UV light.

Atopic individuals have an increased tendency to varicella zoster virus (VZV).

Patients usually have chronic asthma.

The fungus is nearly always seen on chest X-ray.

Serum IgE levels are usually low or normal.

Precipitating antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus are rarely found.

Eosinophils are never found in mucus plugs.

Complement C3 deficiency

Primary antibody deficiencies

Secondary immunodeficiency

Splenectomy

Immunosuppression following renal transplantation

Th2 cells produce cytokines that favour the production of IgE.

Th1 cells can be found in atopic eczema lesions.

Th2 cells characteristically express the foxp3 gene product.

Th2 cells produce IL-4.

Th1 cells are associated with the transcription factor T-bet.

Activation of Th1cells.

Epithelial cell activation occurs.

Upregulation of VCAM-1 results in infiltration of eosinophils.

Adrenaline is always used to reverse bronchoconstriction in mild asthmatics.

Blocking activation of mast cells with a monoclonal antibody to IgE can give clinical benefit.

T lymphocytes

Erythrocytes

Basophils

Epithelioid cells

Giant cells