A multiprogramming system runs multiple jobs at the same time, which speeds up the processing and the rate of job execution.

Operating systems are installed to utilise hardware effectively and OS hosts other application softwares and software to run different programs to perform operations.

MS Dos does not support multitasking.

Process busy, high I/O rates and high paging rates cause poor response time.

Counter registers, interrupts and terminals are all defined in terms of hardware interfaces in the system. These are the hardware components of the system, whereas software and data are not hardware components.

Page is a memory unit and page stealing is a concept to retrieve pages from other working sets of memory units.

Operating system is the GUI (Graphical User Interface) using, which users interact with the hardware.  Also the OS hosts different user programs to perform certain operations with the hardware or to interact with the memory.

An operating system is built to directly communicate with the hardware of the system. An OS instructs the hardware to perform intended operations and gives commands for the same.

Software manipulates one programming interface to adapt with another programming interface. It works as an interlocutor for communication among different programs.

An operating system communicates with hardware parts such as processors, registers, memory, etc. and at the same time can host and communicate with multiple software components such as application programs and system programs. Hence, OS shares characteristics with both hardware components.

Bootstrap loader is executed first whenever an OS is turned on or restarted.

Spooler is not a utility.

 Option 1 is right. The primary purpose of the OS is to regulate access to hardware devices including RAM, CPU, disk drives, etc.

System software and system operations can start their operations only after the OS boots up and is running.

Swapping can have a deal with overlaying.

An OS can connect to multiple local or remote computers within a network and can perform operations on hardware of remote computer network, even though there are multiple, physically different computers. The OS can still manage them virtually as a single unit.

Windows 2000 supports client server.

An OS manages memory processes as well as hardware components such as disk and I/O devices.

A hard disk is comparatively cheap in cost and has capacity to store large amounts of data.

In a typical computer operation, RAM is used as almost all data is passed through OS for fast retrieval.

Average seek time is the time required to by read head of disk to move from one cylinder of HDD to another.

DIMMs need to be refreshed in order to retain the content with regular interval.

Magnetic tapes are mounted on reels. Tapes need to move on reels in order to access particular memory locations on it.

Cache memories are smaller than RAM, as most of the time the data is retrieved from RAM itself. RAM is comparatively faster than ROM in terms of data retrieval.

Semiconductor memories have fastest access time because they contain data in terms of bits and return directly to binary values. Hence, they are used for registers.