The term new systematics was introduced by Huxely. In new systematics the species are considered related to one and another, mutable and show gradual modification.

 A puffball is a member of any of several groups of fungi in the division Basidiomycota.

 Apogamy is formation of sporophyte from vegetative tissue of gametophyte without gamete formation.

 Brown rot in pear is caused by Monilinia fructicola.Brown rot causes blossom blight, twig blight; twig canker and fruit rot.

 Apex is modified into tendril in gloriosa.In weak- stemmed plants, leaf or a part of leaf gets modified into green thread­like structures called tendrils which help in climbing around the support.

 The roots of vascular plants are normally considered to have exarch development .Exarch is used when there is more than one strand of primary xylem in a root, and the xylem develops from the outside inwards towards the center, i.e. centripetally.

 Lamina is modified into pitcher to store water in dischidia.This is a device to catch insects for fulfilling the deficiency of nitrogen in the medium where plant is growing.

 Cleistogamy is found in family Arachis. Cleistogamy or automatic self-pollination describes the trait of certain plants to propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers.

 Sickle-celled anaemia is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

 Layering is mode of vegetative reproduction in bignonia.In this method, a branch of the plant is pulled towards the ground and a part of it is covered with moist soil leaving the tip of the branch exposed above the ground. After some time, new roots develop from the part of the branch buried in the soil. The branch is then cut off from the parent plant. The part of the branch which has developed roots grows to become a new plant (just like the parent plant).

 There are 4 genotypes which are represented by tall plants bearing red flowers in F-2 generation in pea plant.

 Individuals of same species inhabiting in a particular locality constitute population.Populations may be relatively small and closed, as on an island or in a valley, or they may be more diffuse and without a clear boundary between them and a neighboring population of the same species.

 Recessive allele of gene causing sickle-celled anaemia in heterozygous state have lethal effects.

  Cyanobacteria was the first organisms to show oxygenic photosynthesis.Photoautotrophic, oxygen-producing cyanobacteria created the conditions in the planet's early atmosphere that directed the evolution of aerobic metabolism and eukaryotic photosynthesis.

 Morchella is an edible ascomycete. These distinctive fungi appear honeycomb-like, with their cap composed of a network of ridges with pits.

 In oxaloacetic acid carbon of carbon dioxide is incorporated in C-4 plants.

 Temperature increases with increase in height in thermosphere. The dynamics of the thermosphere are dominated by atmospheric tides, which are driven by the very significant diurnal heating.

 Conversion of carbohydrates into amino acids in plants occur in mitochondria.

 Succession, starting at bare rock is termed as lithosere. In the case of a lithosere the pioneer species will be cyanobacteria and algae, which create their own food and water—i.e., they are autotrophic and so do not require any external nutrition (except sunlight).

  In sieve tube cells, golgi complex is absent. The main function of the sieve tube is transport of carbohydrates, primarily sucrose, in the plant (e.g., from the leaves to the fruits and roots).

 Respiratory quotient in succulents is more than one as organic acids form the respiratory substrate.

 All of the factors mentioned above help in independent segregation of characters of different traits.

 Procambium is tissue in subtropical region of shoot apex.The procambium is characterized by intensive longitudinal cell growth and by the elongated (prosenchymal) shape of the cells. Cell division occurs in various directions, with vascular tissues— primary xylem and phloem—arising from the cells.

 Vascular cryptogams are pteridophytes, it refers to those vascular plants that do not make seeds.

 Klinfelter’s syndrome is due to non-disjunction of sex chromosome during oogenesis,also known as 47,XXY or XXY.