Cadaverine is a foul-smelling compound produced by protein hydrolysis during putrefaction of animal tissue. Cadaverine is a toxic diamine with the formula NH₂(CH₂)₅NH₂, which is similar to putrescine.

Ethylene is a gaseous organic compound with the formula C₂H₄. It is the simplest alkene because it contains a carbon-carbon double bond. Ethylene is classified as an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Ethylene is widely used in industry and is also a plant hormone.

Histidine has an imidazole ring which often sits inside the active site of an enzyme and helps bonds to be broken or made. It can do this because it can exist in two states -uncharged, or positively charged.

Disaccharides contain 3-10 glucose units. These sugars can be hydrolysed into molecules of monosaccharide by the action of enzymes. They may be considered as glycosides formed by the condensation of two molecules of covalently linked monosaccharide. The empirical formula of disaccharide is C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁.

Acetic acid is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid. As the main component of vinegar, it has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell. Although it is classified as a weak acid, acetic acid is highly dangerous to skin.

Ethyl acetate is the organic compound with the formula CH₃COOCH₂CH₃. This colourless liquid has a characteristic sweet smell (similar to pear drops) and is used in glues or nail polish removers.

These are lipids containing a phosphate group. A phospholipid molecule has a strongly nonpolar and hydrophobic (water insoluble) tail region represented by fatty acid chains and a strongly polar or hydrophilic (water soluble) head region represented by the phosphate group. Such an arrangement forms a basic component of plasma membranes.

Flunixin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), analgesic, and antipyretic used in horses. It is often formulated as the meglumine salt.

Isoleucine is similar to leucine and valine except that the orientation of the atoms in the sidechain is slightly different. Isoleucine also has two centres of asymmetry.It is an aliphatic amino acid.

Ethylene oxide is a cyclic ether. This means that it is composed of 2 alkyl groups attached to an oxygen atom in a cyclic shape (circular).It is a disinfectant that is widely used in hospitals and has replaced steam in the sterilization of heat-sensitive tools and equipment, such as disposable plastic syringes.

Ethyl formate is an ester formed when ethanol (an alcohol) reacts with formic acid (a carboxylic acid). It is also known as ethyl methanoate because formic acid is also known as methanoic acid. Ethyl formate has the characteristic smell of rum and is also partially responsible for the flavour of raspberries.

Furfural is an aromatic aldehyde. Its chemical formula is OC₄H₃CHO. It is a colourless oily liquid with the odour of almonds, but upon exposure to air, samples quickly becomes yellow.

Fluorescein is a synthetic organic compound available as a dark orange/red powder soluble in water and alcohol. It is widely used as a fluorescent tracer in many applications.

Barbituric acid is an organic compound based on a pyrimidine heterocyclic skeleton. It is an odourless powder soluble in water. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although barbituric acid itself is not pharmacologically active.

γ-Aminobutyric acid is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.

It is commonly known as milk sugar and is abundantly found in milk. On hydrolysis one molecule of lactose yields one molecule of galactose and a molecule of glucose. It is a reducing sugar.

Gibberellic acid is a hormone found in plants. Its chemical formula is C₁₉H₂₂O₆. When purified, it is a white-to-pale-yellow solid. Gibberellic acid is a simple gibberellin, a tetracyclic diterpene acid promoting growth and elongation of cells.

Glutathione is a tripeptide that contains an unusual peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain. It is an antioxidant, preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals and peroxides.

Lysine, is an essential amino acid. Lysine is important for proper growth, and it plays an essential role in the production of carnitine, a nutrient responsible for converting fatty acids into energy and helping to lower cholesterol. It is a basic amino acid.

Glutamic acid is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, and its codons are GAA and GAG. It is a non-essential amino acid. The carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid are known as glutamates.

Glycine is the simplest and smallest of all amino acids, and the only one which is not optically active since it has a single hydrogen atom as it's sidechain.

Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple monosaccharide found in many foods. It is one of the three important dietary monosaccharides along with glucose and galactose.

Barbital was first synthesized in 1902 by German chemists Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering. They published their discovery in 1903 and it was marketed in 1904 by the Bayer company as “Veronal”.

Methionine is a very special amino acid in that it is the start amino acid in the process of translation (protein synthesis. Methionine has a highly hydrophobic sidechain.

Formamide is an amide derived from formic acid. It is a clear liquid which is miscible with water and has an ammonia-like odour. It is used primarily for manufacturing sulfa drugs and synthesizing vitamins and as a softener for paper and fibre.