Taurodontism is also termed as 'bull-like tooth'. Most commonly affected teeth are usually molars. The condition is best identified on radiographs. Pulp chambers are large.

This black line is termed as halo saturninus or Burtonian  line. This is similar to bismuth line, but the difference is that the lead line is more diffuse.

Psoriasis is characterized by the presence of small, sharply delineated dry papules covered by delicate silvery scales resembling thin layer of mica. If the deep scales are removed, tiny bleeding points known as Auspitz sign are disclosed.

Dentinal carries grossly tend to assume the shape of a triangle with the apex towards the pulp and the base toward the enamel.

Other names for hairy tongue are: Lingua Nigra Lingua Villosa Lingua Villosa Nigra It occurs due to hypertrophy of filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of tongue, due to lack of mechanical stimulation and debridement.

Buffer capacity of saliva implies its acid-neutralizing power. Acidogenic organisms produce acids in the oral cavity, which leads to demineralization of tooth structure. These acids are neutralized with the help of buffers like bicarbonates and phosphates.

Sucrose is considered as the most cariogenic of all the sugars. It is arch criminal for dental caries.

Sorbitol, xylitol, saccharine, accesulfame, etc. are the various sugar substitutes that can be used to replace the cariogenic diet.

Concrescence of teeth is a actually a form of fusion that occurs after formation of the root. In this condition, teeth are united by cementum only.

Enamel hypoplasia can be of two types: (a) hereditary and (b) environmental. Enamel hypoplasia due to nutritional deficiency occurs to due to deficiency of vitamins A, C and D.

Torus mandibularis is an exostosis or outgrowth of bone found on the lingual surface of mandible. It is seen above the mylohyoid line and opposite the bicuspid teeth. It is usually bilateral, and surgical removal of torus is advised sometimes due to the difficulty encountered in construction of a denture.

All the other options, viz. nutrition, protein and vitamin C, facilitate the healing of wound. Cortisol interferes with the healing of wounds as it inhibits the growth of granulation.

Dens in dente is also called dens invaginatus or dilated composite odontome . This condition arises due to invagination of inner enamel epithelium in the surface of tooth, before the calcification has occurred. This term was coined due to the appearance of a tooth within a tooth.

Fibroelastic changes occurring in the propria lead to blanching of oral mucosa.

Leukoedema, clinically, can be seen as a white filmy opalaescent hue to definite grayish white area. It disappears on stretching and this is a characteristic feature of leukoedema. No treatment is required. It is a normal variation of oral mucosa.

Xerostomia is not a disease by itself, but the result of certain other disease. Only the quantity of saliva secreted is decreased in xerotomia, but the quality remains unchanged.

S.sanguis is the next most common organism implicated in dental caries after S.mutans.

Moth-eaten appearance is usually seen in chronic osteomyelitis.

The destruction of the alveolar bone may displace the teeth producing 'floating tooth' appearance.

The trabeculae between the plates become elongated, producing a bristle - like 'crew cut' or 'hair on end' appearance.

Products of the necrosed pulp enter the periapical tissue. Thereby stimulating the proliferation of cell rests of malassez. The central cells of this proliferation mass of cells undergo degeneration to form a cystic cavity.

Question asked here is about benign tumour, and all epuli need not be tumours. So, the answer is fibroma and not epulis.

Tetracycline causes yellowish or brownish - grey diffuse bands of discoloration that are located within the tooth structure and are not on the surface.

Deficiency of vitamin A leads to night blindness.

Several organisms have been found capable of including carious lesions; these include mutans group of streptococcus.