It is the major function of network layer.

Length of the burst error is measured from the first bit corrupted to the last corrupted bit.

Public key encryption uses two key one public key and second private key.

window size=2^n-1 where,window size=7n= bits needed to define the sequence numberso,7=2^n-18=2^nn=3

It is a true end to end layer from source to destination.In other words, a program on the source machine carries on a conversation with a similar program on the destination machine.

It is a class A host address.Range of class A host address =1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255

Leaky bucket discards packets when bucket fills up whereas token bucket discards the tokens not the packets hence packet is not lost in case of token bucket.

It is a network layer protocol known as address resolution protocol used to map the internet addresses to physical addresses.

No.of request=100/sec slot time=20 msec no of slots per second=1/20 msec                                           =50 so, channel load=(No of request/sec)/(No.of slots/sec)                                =100/50                                 =2

Changing the address into binary form and bit wise anding the ip address with mask address will give a subnet address.IP address 10000000.00001000.10000001.00101001 bit-wising anding with mask 11111111.11111111.00011111.00000000 will give subnet address 1000000.00001000.00000001.00000000(128.8.1.0)

Latency= Propagation time + Transmission timePropagation Time=distance/propagation speedi.e propagation time=12000 * 1000/2.4 * 10^8 =0.05 secTransmission time=Message Size/Bandwidthi.e. transmission time=5*10^6*8/1*10^6 =40 sechence, latency=.05+40 =40.05sec

ftp uses 2 port number port number 20 for data transfer and port 21 for control information.

For a mesh ,it is a case of complete graph with n verticeshence links=n(n-1)/2 For star n-1 links are needed since a single central host is connected to all host.

It is an application layer protocol.

It is one of the error detection method used at data link layer.