An isochoric process, also called a constant-volume process, an isovolumetric process, or an isometric process, is a thermodynamic process during which the volume of the closed system undergoing such a process remains constant.

The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal notion of thickness.

In thermodynamics, chemical potential, also known as partial molar free energy, is a form of potential energy that can be absorbed or released during a chemical reaction. It may also change during a phase transition.

In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that performs the conversion of heat or thermal energy to mechanical work.

Maxwell's equations are a set of partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electrodynamics, classical optics, and electric circuits.

Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by some closed boundary.  For example-  the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains.

An adiabatic process is a process occurring without exchange of heat of a system with its environment.

Entropy is a measure of the number of specific ways in which a system may be arranged, often taken to be a measure of disorder.

An isothermal process is a change of a system, in which the temperature remains constant: ΔT = 0. This typically occurs when a system is in contact with an outside thermal reservoir (heat bath), and the change occurs slowly enough to allow the system to continually adjust to the temperature of the reservoir through heat exchange.

Maxwell's equations are a set of partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electrodynamics, classical optics, and electric circuits.

Pressure is the effect of a force applied to a surface. Pressure is the amount of force acting per unit area. The symbol of pressure is p.

Temperature is a physical quantity that is a measure of hotness and coldness on a numerical scale. It is a measure of the thermal energy per particle of matter or radiation.

Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom.

Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.09% by volume of Earth's atmosphere.

Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force.