There are only two types of viruses that have been proved to be responsible for tumors in humans. They are Tcell lymphoma/ leukaemia virus(HTLV) and papillomavirus.

Without the constraints of the conserved molecule peptidoglycan, archaeal cell wall may be quite diverse. Methanogenic archaea possesses pseudomurein [Peptidoglycan like polymer which is cross linked with L –Amino acids].

Aquifex species is thermophilic as well as chemolithoautotroph that captures energy by oxidizing the hydrogen, sulfur, thiosulfate with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Original bacterial ancestor is thermophilic & chemolithoautotrophic.

It belongs to Zygomycetes as it synthesizes chitosan where other fungi have chitin as structural polysachharide. Chitosan is deacetylated homopolymer of chitin.

Moldy fungi are absorptive heterotrophs, whereas the slime molds perform phagocytosis, a process in which they engulf their food and get it digested through different enzymes.

Deoxyribosenuclease 3 is an extracellular enzyme produced by Streptococci [Gr.p A]. It is spreading factor, an important enzyme in skin and soft tissue infection.

It is a heteroceous fungi genus that needs two host, one is primary and another secondary. Both the primary host and an alternate unrelated host are required for the parasite to complete the life cycle.

Isospora belongs to it. Coccidia are a subclass of spore forming, microscopic, single celled obligatory intracellular parasites.

Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic, protozoan parasite. It predominantly infects human and other primates.

Isospora is an internal parasite. It causes acute, non-bloody diarrhea in H.I.V patients and other immunocompromised individuals.

Fool’s mushroom is Amanita verna, Galerina marginata is called false morel, Autumn skull cap is Galerina or deadly Galerina, and Hypholoma is called as Sulfur Tuft.

O.D, i. e., optical density. In spectroscopy, the absorbance, i.e., optical density of a material is a logarithmic ratio of the radiation falling upon a material to the radiation transmitted through a material. Measurements of absorbance are carried out in analytical chemistry. This measures the rate of growth of a bacterial culture.

Opisthorchish is called Chinese Liver fluke, Paragonimus is called Lung Fluke, ascaris causes parasitic pneumonia and Enterobius is called pinworm.

Stachybotrys atra is a black mold, Aspergillus niger is an indoor mold, Bipolaris decays foods, and Ulocladium is related to textiles.

HPV infection is limited to the basal cells of stratified epithelium, the only tissue in which they replicate. HPV cannot bind to live tissue; it infects epithelial tissues through micro-abrasions or other epithelial trauma that exposes segments of the basement membrane.

It is the active stage, and exists only in host and in fresh faeces. Cysts survive outside the host in water, in soils and on foods, especially under moist conditions.

 Correct answer- 2) Acetogenesis is a type of microbial metabolism that uses hydrogen (H2) as an electron donor and carbon dioxide (CO2) as an electron acceptor to produce acetate. Bacteria that can synthesize acetate autotrophically are called homoacetogens. Carbon dioxide reduction in all homoacetogens occurs by the acetyl-CoA pathway. This pathway is also used for carbon fixation by autotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria and hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Often homoacetogens can also be fermentative, using the hydrogen and carbon dioxide produced as a result of fermentation to produce acetate, which is secreted as an end product. Anammox stands for anaerobic ammonia oxidation and the organisms responsible were relatively Annamox means anaerobic ammonia oxidation. This metabolism occurs in members of Plactomycetes (e.g. Brocadia annamoxidans) and involves coupling of ammonia oxidation to nitrate reduction. Annamox organisms are autotrophs and can fix CO2. Due to this property, these organisms can be used in industry to remove nitrogen in wastewater treatment processes. Syntrophy is the pairing of multiple species occurs in order to achieve chemical reaction which on its own will be energetically unfavorable. In Syntrophomonas, alone, the oxidation of butyrate to acetate and hydrogen gas is energetically unfavorable. But, when a hydrogenotrophic (hydrogen-using) methanogen is present the use of the hydrogen gas will significantly lower the concentration of hydrogen (down to 10−5 atm) and thereby shift the equilibrium of the butyrate oxidation reaction under standard conditions (ΔGº’) to non-standard conditions (ΔG’). Methylotrophy refers to the ability of an organism to use C-1 compounds as energy sources. These compounds are methanol, methyl amines, formaldehyde and formate. Several other less common substrates may also be used for metabolism, all of which lack carbon-carbon bonds. Examples are, bacteria Methylomonas and Methylobacter.

Negri bodies are large, pathogenic, cellular inclusions found in the cytoplasm of nerve cells containing rabies virus. Negri bodies consist of nuclear proteins produced by the virus. Mantoux is a tuberculin sensitivity test, it is a screening test for T.B.  Maltese crosses are anisotropic fat droplets, related to finely granulated renal casts. Maltese cross fluorescence is seen in case of Cryptococcus. FTA ABS test is blood test tool for detecting antibodies to the bacteria Treponema pallidum that causes syphilis. A positive screening indicates syphilis infection.

Like all papillomma viruses, HPV produces infections only in keratinocytes of skin or mucous membrane. HPV infection is limited to the basal cells of stratified epithelium, the only tissue in which they replicate. HPV cannot bind to live tissues; it infects epithelial tissues through micro-abrasions or other epithelial trauma that exposes segments of the basement membrane.

Bacteriostats are biological or chemical agents which stop bacteria from reproducing, but not necessarily harming them.