An input/output stream that wraps a file stream buffer, provides functions to open or close a file in addition to those of generic input/output stream

The double-slash , which will be referred to as a C++-style comment, tells the compiler to ignore everything that follows this comment, until the end of the line.

Tight coupling (or tightly coupled) is a type of coupling that describes a system in which hardware and software are not only linked together, but are also dependent upon each other.

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for calculations. Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing and automated reasoning.

Abstraction is the process by which data and programs are defined with a representation similar in form to its meaning (semantics), while hiding away the implementation details.

A member (either data member or member function) declared in a public section of a class can be accessed by anyone.

Destructors are usually used to deallocate memory and do other cleanup for a class object and its class members when the object is destroyed.

Access to a base class member is ambiguous if one uses a name or qualified name that does not refer to a unique function or object.

Memory address is a data concept used at various levels by software and hardware to access the computer's primary storage memory.

Manipulators are objects that can modify a stream using the << or >> operators.

A parent class is the closest class that we derive to create the one we are referencing as the child class.

The null character (also null terminator), abbreviated NUL, is a control character with the value zero.

It is a method where the solution to a problem depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem.

An object is a location in memory having a value and referenced by an identifier. An object can be a variable, function, or data structure.

Allocators are important components of the C++ Standard Library. The standard library provides several data structures, such as list and set, commonly referred to as containers.