This option is correct because DNA shuffling and Genome shuffling are homologous recombination methods.

In site-specific recombination, specialized nucleotide sequences exhibiting some degree of target site specificity are moved between non-homologous sites within a genome.

Random chimeragenesis on transient templates (RACHITT) is an example of homologous recombination method to perform molecular mutagenesis at a high recombination rate.

Correct answer. Transposition occurs by both replicative and non-replicative mechanisms. All transposons use a common mechanism in which staggered nicks are made in target DNA, the transposon is joined to the protruding ends, and the gaps are filled. The order of events and exact nature of the connections between transposon and target DNA determine whether transposition is replicative or nonreplicative. Precise excision describes the removal of a transposon plus one of the duplicated target sequences from the chromosome. Imprecise excision occurs when the transposon removes itself from the original insertion site, but leaves behind some of its sequence.

Transversions involve substitution of a purine nucleotide by a pyrimidine, or vice-versa.

Eastern blotting is a technique to detect protein post translational modification and is an extension of the biochemical technique of western blotting.

Correct answer. Transposition starts by forming a strand transfer complex in which the transposon is connected to the target site through one strand at each end. Replicative transposition proceeds through a cointegrate. Replication of a strand transfer complex generates a cointegrate, which is a fusion of the donor and target replicons. The cointegrate has two copies of the transposon, which lie between the original replicons. Recombination between the transposon copies regenerates the original replicons, but the recipient has gained a copy of the transposon.

Correct answer. First viruses to be used as vectors in gene therapy experiments were retroviruses. Retroviruses are used for inserting a normal gene into the genome to replace an abnormal disease-causing gene in gene therapy of ADA deficiency, haemophilia b, rheumatoid arthritis etc.

This option is correct because SeSaM and Error prone PCR are examples of random mutagenesis strategies. Sequence saturation mutagenesis (SeSaM) is a conceptually novel and practically simple method that truly randomizes a target sequence at every single nucleotide position and Error prone PCR is a method by which random mutants may be inserted into any piece of DNA.

The western blot (also known as immunoblot) is used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. The method was invented and named by W. Neal Burnette.

Liposomes are able to interact with the negatively charged cell membrane more readily than uncharged liposomes, with the fusion between cationic liposome and the cell surface resulting in the delivery of the DNA directly across the plasma membrane.

This option is correct because Southern blot is a method used to check for the presence of a DNA sequence in a DNA sample. The method is named after its inventor, the British biologist Edwin Southern.

Correct answer. Southern blot is a method used to check for the presence of a DNA sequence in a DNA sample. The northern blot technique is used to study gene expression by detection of RNA (or isolated mRNA) in a sample. The western blot (or immunoblot) is used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract.  

Correct answer. Respiratory epithelial cells are target tissues for gene therapy for the treatment of respiratory insufficiency in cystic fibrosis. Skin fibroblasts are target tissues for gene therapy for the treatment of haemophilia b. Synovial membrane (the soft tissue found between the articular capsule and the joint cavity of synovial joints) are target tissues for gene therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.  

Correct answer. Gene recombination refers to the exchange of blocks of genetic material among two or more DNA strands. In site-specific recombination, specialized nucleotide sequences exhibiting some degree of target site specificity are moved between nonhomologous sites within a genome.